Context: COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease and blood group has an influence on the susceptibility of infectious diseases including COVID-19. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim to observe the association of ABO blood groups with COVID-19. Setting and Design: A nonexperimental hospital-based case–control research design was adopted to conduct the study with 200 COVID-19 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Subjects and Methods: Informed consent was obtained from the participants after explained the purpose of the study. Data were collected by interview method using a structured questionnaire and medical record was also utilized to collect the data. The collected data were prepared for analysis using Microsoft Excel. Statistical Analysis Used: Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data using the software SPSS 16 version. Results: The results of the study revealed that out of 200 participants, 83 (42.5%) belonged to A+, 68 (33%) belonged to B+, 7 (14%) belonged to O+, 18 (9%) belonged to AB +, and 4 (%) belonged to A-blood group. Conclusion: The findings of the current study concluded that the prevalence rate of COVID-19 was higher among non-O blood group than in the O blood group and the blood group is associated with the severity of illness. Despite further studies on the individuals with confirmed exposure to COVID-19 infection should be conducted with large samples to generalize the findings.

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The pandemic of the coronavirus is having a significant influence on the daily wage society's living standards. This study reveals around the standard of living for daily wagers during the blocking period. Affecting not only human lives but also the economy and way of life. The economically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups have borne the brunt of the population's hardship. Within India, a large number of people earn daily pay for basic jobs in the service, sales, construction, and household industries. In general, they face discrimination, exploitation of workers' rights, and employment insecurity. COVID-19 has brought these issues to a new level of prominence. The country's highest court took notice of the situation and directed the governments to address the daily wage employees' immediate requirements. During the ongoing COVID pandemic, this article seeks to highlight the mental health issues of daily wage workers in many occupations. The postconcludes with several suggestions. This is a review article we use many references and their methodology to make our article. We use two brief screening instruments: The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2. Both of these scales have been successfully used to screen for sadness and nervousness in various studies.

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Background: Due to COVID-19 pandemic globally, regular schooling and teaching were disrupted and e-learning has become the major mode of teaching and learning from the age of childhood to professional colleges. After the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, the present survey was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of dental undergraduates of Mysore city, India. Methodology: This present cross-sectional study was conducted among third and fourth BDS students of JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The study was conducted in the month of September and October 2020. There were about 184 students present in both 3^rd and 4^th year BDS. The questionnaire was sent to all the students through SurveyMonkey. Out of 184 students, 134 students responded for the questionnaire and the response rate would be around 72.82%. Validity and reliability were assessed before finalizing the questionnaire. Results: Almost 90% of the students had a computer and Internet facilities and they have computer and Internet facilities. Two-thirds of the students preferred blended learning, i.e., a combination of e-learning and a traditional classroom environment, and that the assignments could be finished better in a traditional method. Regarding satisfaction, 80% of the students expressed dissatisfaction toward online learning. Conclusion: Although the dental students had computer and Internet facilities, they had negative perceptions and attitudes toward online learning. Almost all students favored the traditional method of learning.

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The impact that one health (OH) concept can have on the worldwide response to the COVID-19 pandemic is significant. We highlight four areas where the use of OH has the potential to greatly improve infectious disease governance in general, and COVID-19 governance in particular. For starters, a better-integrated surveillance infrastructure and monitoring of the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals can make it easier to discover emerging infectious agents with comparable genotypes across species and track their spatiotemporal spread. This information can help public and animal health officials plan effective responses. Second, using the OH approach can help stakeholders representing seemingly conflicting domains coordinate and collaborate more effectively. Third, the OH approach emphasizes the importance of a strong institutional environment that allows for sufficient regulation of hotspots for infectious disease transmission between people and animals, such as live animal marketplaces. Finally, OH thinking emphasizes the need for equitable solutions to infectious disease challenges, implying that policy response mechanisms and interventions should take into account illness burdens faced disproportionately by vulnerable and marginalized people, as well as those helping sick people with health treatment and other important services. Within the “One World – One Health” strategy, four major components can be identified as crucial elements: the geographical component, the ecological component, human activities, and food agriculture activities. We go over what we know about infections that emerge, the hosts they come from, and the circumstances that cause them to develop. We explore the obstacles to their control as well as innovative tactics for predicting pandemics, focusing surveillance on the most critical interfaces, and developing prevention strategies.

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Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine current methods implemented by the otorhinolaryngologists in their outpatient practice, their mental wellbeing and recommend safe clinical practice based on current literature. Materials and Methods: Qualitative questionnaire study was conducted on otorhinolaryngologists working in various setups. The questionnaire had four parts including demographics, current ENT practice and precautions, mental wellbeing based on Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and the COVID infection status. Results: Stress related to COVID did not affect the practice hours and consultation duration (P = 0.94). Nearly, 96% of the participants diligently followed hand hygiene and 87.4% stressed on the need of screening the patients before consultation. Although none of the participants had dysfunctional anxiety (score >9) on coronavirus anxiety scale, participants who had elders at home showed increased stress levels during the pandemic (P = 0.027). Participants with comorbidities did not show any elevated stress levels (P = 0.06). Endoscopic procedures (71.65%) and digital palpation of the oral cavity (42.3%) were the most stressful outpatient department procedures experienced by the participants. Although prophylactic medications were taken by 56.8% of participants, there was no association observed between comorbidities and prophylaxis (P = 0.57). Conclusion: The study highlights that otorhinolaryngologists are taking adequate precautions during the pandemic and the risk factors for anxiety were less due to a better understanding of coronavirus infection.

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Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an on-going pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Majority of people infected with this virus will suffer from mild to moderate respiratory disease and recover without therapy, whereas the elderly and, as well as those who have underlying comorbidities are more prone to have severe infection. Several inflammatory indicators, like procalcitonin (PCT), serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), linked to the increased the risk of development of severe COVID-19 disease. Objective: The goal of this research was to see if there was a link between inflammatory markers and the severity of COVID-19 disease, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics that influence COVID-19-positive findings. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional at Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Research Center and Karigoudar Diagnostic Laboratory Vijayapur for a period of 2 months from October to November 2020. This study included 600 COVID-19-positive patients confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Investigations included (RT-PCR) and inflammatory markers. The details collected were sociodemographic data and clinical history. Investigations included RT-PCR using throat swab/nasopharyngeal swab and inflammatory markers like CRP, D-Dimer levels, ferritin, IL-6, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), PCT were performed accordingly. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 18.0. Results were presented as percentages and mean ± standard deviation. The categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The mean age of the patients was 43.7 ± 16.7 years with male preponderance. The majority of the patients were between the ages of 21 and 60 (76.7%) years. Increasing age was significantly associated with severity of the disease, similarly CRP levels, D-dimer, ferritin, and LDH levels were significantly higher among those with increasing age and severe disease, i.e., severe acute respiratory infection (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a link between age and inflammatory indicators such as CRP, D dimer, ferritin, and LDH levels, as well as the severity of disease. Hence, measuring these inflammatory markers could help clinicians track and assess the severity and prognosis of COVID-19.

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Fabrication of an orbital prosthesis for an exenterated defect caused due to post-COVID mucormycosis has always been a challenging area for a prosthodontist wherein it is very difficult to meet the patient's expectations. To fulfill the esthetic and retentive demand of prosthesis, the cost of the treatment and the complexity of the case should be considered meticulously. This case report describes the fabrication of a hollow two-piece orbital prosthesis where retention was derived from natural undercuts and magnets.

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Background: Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the Indian population toward the transmission and prevention of COVID-19 diseases play a vital role in effective control measures. Objective: In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward COVID-19 among rural people in Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a semistructured interview schedule, with face validated and translated into the local language after pilot testing, was used to collect the data. An information sheet was provided to the participants in the local language (Tamil), and verbal consent was obtained before starting the interview. Ethical approval was granted by the institutional ethics committee. Results: A total of 762 participants were interviewed, with the average age of participants being 42.59 years (standard deviation: ± 16.8). Around 37% of participants did not receive any formal education; among working people, most of them were involved in agriculture and unskilled labor works. The knowledge related to disease transmission was poor, only 50% of the people knew that virus can spread through droplets and close contact with the infected people, and only 11.4% said that the virus can spread when people get in contact with a contaminated surface. Around 85% of the people said that naturopathy home remedies can help prevent COVID-19 severity. The preventive practices scores were poor, only 11% of the people wore the mask, and educational status was the significant predictor of positive practices scores. Conclusion: The government can develop health educational programs tailored to rural communities to promote the practices and also can implement legal measures to promote the practices among the people.

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Background and Objectives: With the prevalence of a large number of febrile diseases in the Asia-Pacific region, the presentation of fever poses a diagnostic dilemma for physicians during the COVID era. We noticed an alarming increase in the number of cases of leptospirosis during the pandemic. Hence, we conducted a study to compare the trend, complications, and outcomes of patients with leptospirosis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective, hospital case record-based analytical study was conducted in a tertiary care center in Mangaluru. All patients who were admitted to our hospital from March to October 2019 (before the COVID pandemic) and from March to October 2020 (during the COVID pandemic) with a clinical and laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis were included in our study. Patient records were screened, and demographic, clinical, and laboratory information was collected. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Results: The incidence of leptospirosis was higher during the COVID pandemic (102 vs. 62). The mean age of leptospirosis patients in 2019 and 2020 was 45.18 and 45.19 years, respectively. Fewer patients with leptospirosis reported fever during the pandemic (69.6% vs. 94.2%). There was an increased incidence of complications such as hepatitis (84.3% vs. 31.9%), acute kidney injury (87.3% vs. 52.2%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (20.6% vs. 8.7%), and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (68.6% vs. 33.3%) in 2020. The case fatality rate Was higher in 2020 (2 0. 6 %) when compared to 2019 (5. 8 %) Conclusions: There was an increase in Proportion of leptospirosiscases, complications and mortality during the COVID pandemic. This is a cause for concern. More studies are needed in the community to determine the reason for this increase.

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The pandemic of COVID is one of the greatest public health emergencies of current time. More than 200 countries got affected with this disease. Albeit the medical science has improved a lot along with the technological advancement, the pandemic hit hard on the health system throughout the globe. In some parts of the world, especially the developing world, the overburdened health system got more exacerbated owing to several of the health system issues or the building blocks and India is one such country which faced a lot of health system issues. One of the cardinal building blocks of the health system is the human resources for health or the health workforce that had to face serious challenges in the face of this pandemic. Apart from clinicians, there were other supporting staffs such as public health experts, epidemiologists, microbiologists, disease modeling experts, health communication experts, and many other frontline health workers (HWs) that got engaged in this pandemic. They had to face the pandemic very closely putting their own and family life at stake. The long and protracted working hours in hospital by putting personal protective equipment kit lead to mental health problems. Initially, the HWs faced stigma and discrimination and were labeled as spreaders of infection and were shunned by several communities. In addition to contraction of infection, stress, and burnout, the mortality was also seen to be relatively more among many of the HWs. Deployment and shifting of tasks became a regular phenomenon during the pandemic. Many states in India make provision to incentivize, motivate, award, and provide security to the HWs however that became miniscule in front of such a monstrous pandemic. This article critically analyzes the issues of health-care workers during the pandemic with special reference to India.

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We report a rare case of mixed fungal orbito-pansinusitis caused by Rhizopus oryzae and Exophiala jeanselmei in post-COVID-19 individuals. A 65-year-old patient was COVID-19-positive and treated as per the protocols. Following recovery after 3 weeks presents to the otorhinolaryngology outpatient department with complaints of nasal obstruction, stuffiness, pain over the maxilla, occasional fever spikes, and swelling over eyelids. He was diagnosed with a case of orbito-pansinusitis mucormycosis based on magnetic resonance imaging, nasal endoscopy, and microbiological findings. Intravenous (IV) fluconazole and amphotericin B were the conservative management initially followed by surgical debridement later. There was minimal residual deformity after patient recovery. Generally, secondary to immunosuppression or debilitating diseases leads to mucormycosis. The mode of entry for molds and spores of zygomycetes are through the respiratory tract through the nose and then reaches the sinuses, orbit, and intracranial structures. Hence, a good prognosis and to reduce morbidity by zygomycosis can be achieved by early clinical diagnosis, direct smears, and proper interventions. The diagnosis of fungal infections at the earliest is very important because the therapeutic management of fungal infection is quite challenging, especially in the case of R. oryzae and E. jeanselmei with immunocompromised state. The prophylactic drugs, steroids, and immunosuppressants for the treatment of COVID-19 should not be misused and must be used as per protocol and guidelines judiciously.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral respiratory infection, was declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Studies from across the world centered on patient follow-up are adding to the knowledge on late complications observed in COVID-19 convalescents. Literature search was performed using databases with search terms “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “Long COVID,” “COVID-19 complications,” “post COVID sequelae,” “COVID-19 recovery,” and “persistent symptoms.” Articles in English excluding pediatric (<18 years) and pregnant population were included for literature review. Studies from across the world reported various pulmonary, cardiac, hematologic, renal, neuropsychiatric, endocrine, and gastrointestinal complications and other nonspecific persistent symptoms. Several of these complications are similar to the postinfectious symptoms reported in previous viral respiratory disease outbreaks. In this narrative review, we review current literature on complications that follow recovery from acute episode of COVID-19.

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The last 2 years has been highly tumultuous with the advent of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (nCovid-19). This viral infection has been a global landmark event in the history of mankind with its standout characteristics such as high transmission rate, initial asymptomatic period, and unexpected systemic outcomes. The long-term damage of this disease is still being unraveled with a profound impact on the global economy and livelihood of millions as well. A literature search was performed with the following keywords – Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV, Mucormycosis, and Opportunistic infections – in PUBMED/MEDLINE database to assimilate articles/case reports/books about nCovid19 and mucormycosis. nCovid19 data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare websites also. This review describes the etiopathogenesis of nCovid19, including the mutation and origin of variants seen so far. We recapitulate existing knowledge of clinical features, investigations, and treatment strategies followed. The various complications seen in nCovid19 recovery patients are also elaborated with a focus on the alarming surge of mucormycosis and mortality in post-nCovid19-affected persons.

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May–Thurner syndrome (MTS) is also called Cockett syndrome or iliocaval syndrome is described as compression of the left iliofemoral vein by the right common iliac artery against the vertebral body. We present a rare case of MTS in a 31-year-old female in the left lower extremity complicated after COVID-19. Screening magnetic resonance imaging pelvis showed compression of left common iliac vein by right common iliac artery over L5 lumbar vertebra suggestive of MTS. Findings were confirmed by a lower limb computed tomography venogram. A high degree of clinical suspicion of COVID-19 post sequela is needed for early diagnosis in this era.

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Background: Blood glucose level is an important risk factor for the prognosis of infection and critically ill patients. Stress-induced hyperglycemia is well-known as an adaptive response and expected during times of infection. However, this is believed to be a transient response that resolves upon the improvement of the infection. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the blood glucose levels in a cohort of COVID-19 patients to determine their hyperglycemic status before and after the recovery regardless of their diabetic status. Methodology: This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study. A detailed case history including investigations and laboratory findings was taken from the recovered COVID-19 patients. Data of their random blood sugar levels before and after COVID-19 recovery were collected and compared to check for their hyperglycemic status after the recovery. Data were then tabulated in the spreadsheet and statistical analysis was done. Results: In our study, we compared the hyperglycemic status after the recovery. About 22.1% had hyperglycemia post-COVID. During COVID, the prevalence of hyperglycemia in patients was 23% with or without a previous history of diabetes. Altogether, there was a significant increase in Blood Glucose levels post-COVID (2-month follow-up) period. A significant P (P = 0.0001) was found in the statistical analysis. Conclusion: Clinicians must recognize that some patients may require monitoring the glycemic status and intensification of the antihyperglycemics for several weeks to months after infection devoid of their diabetic status.

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Mucormycosis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by the fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. Mucormycosis commonly develops in patients with diabetes mellitus having a background of immunosuppression. An integrative approach in the management of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis can be more effective and beneficial to the patients, as the delay in diagnosis and treatment is commonly associated with COVID-19. The rehabilitation of the resected facial structures in these patients would be very crucial in sustaining the quality of life. Thus, our review aims in providing insights into management strategies across different fields of medicine and the various rehabilitation methods.

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In a global phenomenon unseen in recent decades, severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has swept across entire continents and has stirred immediate global action. This warrants a deeper understanding of the mental health needs of specific populations during the outbreak along with the precautionary measures for promoting physical as well as mental health during the pandemic. This review summarizes the existing literature addressing mental health concerns during outbreaks and the current COVID-19 pandemic among various groups with specific attention to vulnerable groups and the way forward. Literature was retrieved from databases including PubMed (NCBI)/MEDLINE, Wiley Online Library, World Health Organization, UNICEF, UN publications, and Google Scholar. All 33 articles were reviewed. The findings suggest an increased risk for mental health morbidity, especially among the vulnerable groups. As the literature on the subject is evolving, findings from existing literature are discussed with suggestions for the way forward.

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The introduction of novel variants of infectious viruses causes viral outbreaks. And now we are in the midst of a virus pandemic that is affecting the entire world. The lack of efficient antiviral treatments for novel viral infections, along with the infection's rapid spread in the population, frequently results in significant human and financial damage. Close human-to-human touch or contact with a contaminated surface can both transmit viruses. To prevent viral spread, thorough cleaning or sanitization is required. There are a variety of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent on a number of parameters, including agent concentration, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this review, we will be discussing the alcohol- and iodine-based disinfectants in a dental health-care setting.

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Context: Effective hand hygiene (HH) is one of the most important measures to prevent the cross-transmission of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, especially among health professionals. There are very limited studies that have aimed at investigating HH practices among medical and dental students in the period of their professional formation. Aims: This study aim's to measure the quality of HH practices, attitudes, and knowledge among the medical and dental students during the corona pandemic in health science institutes of Maharashtra. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study through Google Form-based closed-ended questionnaires where options were given. Materials and Methods: All students associated with patient clinics during their academic learning were eligible for inclusion in the study. The knowledge, attitudes, and opinions regarding HH practices were collected through an online Google Form questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square and “t” tests were used to find out the statistical difference between the two groups. Results: Both medical and dental undergraduate students showed a moderate level of HH knowledge, whereas dental students have a lower level of attitudes and practices of HH as compared to the medical undergraduates. Conclusion: Undergraduate health-care students need to be increased emphasis on HH education and improvement in their current primary training and also there is an urgent need for educational and motivational intervention particularly targeted at dental students.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a widespread worldwide public health malady due to a viral COVID-19 infection. The World Health Organization has affirmed this malady as a pandemic and Public Health Emergency of International Concern. A wide array of oral lesions has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Oral lesions can be an initial sign of COVID-19 or an alarming sign of peripheral thrombosis. However, there is a scarcity of published literature on the oral manifestations of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. We present four different types of oral lesions in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease. This article proposes that a detailed examination of the oral cavity in patients admitted to COVID-19 intensive care unit/high dependency units will help to understand the significance of the oral lesions in the management of the disease. Dental professionals should be a part of the multidisciplinary treatment protocol, thus, emphasizing a detailed and meticulous oral examination and oral health amelioration of COVID-19 patients.

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COVID-19 is a sickness brought about by coronavirus responsible for causing simple to extreme complications in people. COVID-19 first case was seen in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, on December, 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) to pronounce it as a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020, as the pandemic has spread quickly all through the world. Regardless of extensive endeavors made to contain the infection, the infection has proceeded with its pervasiveness in numerous nations with changing levels of clinical signs. Henceforth, in this report, we discuss the various strategies, for example, serological and nucleic acid-based procedures which are accessible for the determination and successful counteraction of coronavirus. With expanding the rate of coronavirus cases, the precise and early identification of the COVID-19 is the need of great importance for viable avoidance with treatment and just as to check its spread. Reverse transcriptase-real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) measures are viewed as the highest quality level for the early identification of infection. This diagnostic technique is being utilized worldwide with recommendations from WHO and Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is being done compulsory before any medical procedures and major surgeries for early detection, prevention, and management in due time course. Rapid antigen test is also a screening test used widely in hospitals for screening of COVID-19 and before the admission in hospitals. Other nucleic acid amplification test widely done for the detection of COVID-19 are RT-qPCR, next-generation sequencing, clustered regularly interspaced short pallindromic repeats, reverse transcription -loop-mediated isothermal amplification, droplet digital PCR. Some immunological tests are lateral flow, ELISA.

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Background: Currently, India is witnessing another wave of COVID pandemic, where it has drastically disrupted most of the important aspects of human life including education. It has created an unparalleled education test, where campuses are closing and institutions have been transferred to online study protocols at numerous educational institutions worldwide. Internationalization has significantly slowed down. Some 32 crore students in India stopped moving to schools, and all educational practices are temporarily ended. The Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have responded constructively, despite all of those difficulties, ensuring the consistency of teaching, study and contribution to society using those methods, and techniques during the pandemic. This survey study focuses on COVID-19's important impacts on India's HEIs. Some steps are taken to provide smooth education services during the crisis by HEIs, and education authorities in India have been addressed herein. Aim/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the need of online education during COVID-19 pandemic for Bachelor of Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology (MRIT) students at Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science (DMIMS). Methodology: A total number of 60 students (includes only MRIT students under Allied Health Science at DMIMS) will be participating in this survey by means of answering the questionnaires, which include open-ended and closed-ended type of question patterns with signed consent from each student, and based on answers, we will be analyzing and interpreting the data for understanding the views of MRIT students. Expected Results: The offline mode of study for the Indian education system is more convenient than the online mode of study; however, during the COVID pandemic, Indian education system has adopted the online mode of study. Conclusions: Generally speaking, the offline mode of education is preferable than the online mode; however, in this pandemic, students prefer the online mode. There have been several new ways of learning introduced, as well as new prospects and new trends, which have allowed for the development of new ways of teaching learners, which has resulted in the generation of fruitful ideas for educational work in the pandemic.

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Vertical transmission of acute respiratory syndrome involving coronavirus-2 in pregnant women with COVID-19 (serious acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and variations in the progression of maternity complications, including abortion, fetal malformations, impaired fetal development, and/or stillbirth. According to the clinical literature, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is rare, but even if a SARS-CoV-2-negative neonatal test is administered, there is still a risk of infection and persistent abnormalities including fetal and maternal vascular dysfunction, major SARS-CoV-2 receptors are known to be an enzyme converting to angiotensin 2 (ACE2) and are highly expressed in maternal fever cells. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle vascular primary and secondary chorionic cells. However, it is not possible to eliminate other routes of placental infection. CoV-2 is often contaminated by fusion trophoblasts, but fetuses are seldom affected. The existence of the placental barrier is suggested by these findings, even if it is not fully successful. Intensive health research, such as repeated ultrasonography and fetal heart rate tracking, is strongly advised during pregnancy. Women infected with COVID-19 can carefully evaluate placental specimens after delivery through morphological and molecular techniques, as the extent and molecular mechanisms of intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are yet to be established.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections may be associated with a wide range of bacterial and fungal coinfections. Mucormycosis is more often seen in immunocompromised individuals, and complications of orbital and cerebral involvement are likely in diabetic ketoacidosis and with concomitant use of steroids. The most common risk factor associated with mucormycosis is diabetes mellitus in India. Early identification of high-morbidity conditions is crucial for optimal treatment and improved outcomes. A total of 20 patients with post-COVID mucormycosis were studied. Uncontrolled diabetes and excessive usage of steroids are two of the main factors aggravating the illness, and both of these must be properly checked. Early diagnosis and prompt management are required for a good prognosis and to achieve a less fulminant disease course in cases of postcoronavirus mucormycosis.

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The whole world has been frightened because of the rapid rise in the number of cases and deaths due to novel coronavirus (officially referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) which was found in late 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Till date, the increased spread of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is even now at an uncontrollable rate, and the amount of confirmed patients and mortality rate are still increasing at an exponential rate. Till October 1, 2020, from 216 different nations, regions, and territories, the World Health Organization received reports of 33,842,282 confirmed cases and 1,010,635 confirmed deaths. This virus causes a variety of symptoms which can range from mild illness to moderate illness. Difficulty in breathing and death occur in severe cases. The common earliest manifestations include fever, cough, fatigue, myalgia, diarrhea, and headaches. The disease is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets from a person who is infected, via coughing, sneezing, or exhaling. Adding together expertize across various domains to search for new and effective solutions is the need of hour. Very little is known about how coronavirus affects the kidneys. There is no such proof that shows if people with renal diseases are more susceptible than the general public. Studies have been made over complications of coronavirus disease in patients with renal diseases and how to tackle them. This review article summarizes the analysis of the present situation with subject to coronavirus pandemic, its sequel on people with renal disorders, and the seriousness of the disease. Majorly, it gives an outline in management of this critical condition.

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There has been an increasing propensity of opportunistic fungal infections such as mucormycosis occurring in COVID-19 patients. It is imperative that we are aware of clinical presentation, rate of spread of mucormycosis and prescribes medications such as corticosteroids judiciously, especially in severely ill patients, and uncontrolled diabetics with ketoacidosis.

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This study investigated the association and predictive value of biomarkers in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronavirus disease (COVID) infection has been linked to a significant hyperinflammatory immune response described as a “cytokine storm,” which results in organ deterioration and damage. Several studies have shown that cytokine levels, notably interleukin 6, can be used as indicators of COVID-19 disease severity. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in DMIMS Medical College, Sawangi-Meghe, Wardha, from March 2020 to April 2020. The study population was confirmed adult cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during the study period. A positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test from a nasopharyngeal swab or other respiratory sample was defined as a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case. A purposive sampling technique was used and a total of 100 study subjects were enrolled for the study. Our study discovered a link between hematological, coagulation, and inflammatory indicators and infection severity. However, whether these indicators have a mechanistic or causative role in illness progression has to be investigated further.

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In India, thousands of COVID-19 patients are suffering from mucormycosis, a deadly fungal infection. Mucormycosis is an infection caused by a group of filamentous molds belonging to the order Mucorales and class Zygomycetes. Typically, mucormycosis is called black fungus disease. The infection primarily affects diabetics and immunocompromised patients. Infections caused by this fungal infection can be divided into four types: rhino-orbito-cerebral, cutaneous, disseminated, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal types. The mortality rate is higher even when aggressive treatment has been administered once it is detected or diagnosed. A multimodal approach to mucormycosis management involves reversing or discontinuing the predisposing factors, administering active antifungal agents at optimal doses, removing all infected tissues, and employing adjuvant therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide brief details related to the etiopathogenesis, fatality, diagnosis, and treatment of mucormycosis.

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COVID-19 has brought the global economy to a halt. Many lives have been lost as a result of this pandemic sickness. Different medications for COVID-19 prophylaxis have been attempted, including chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine. It has turned into a public health issue of global importance. All Nobel Laureates are working to find a cure for this disease, but there are still certain obstacles to overcome. Many countries are attempting to find a good therapy for COVID-19, and some are attempting to develop a vaccine, but there is still a long way to go. Chloroquine is the best treatment for COVID-19 because it has demonstrated to be effective in treating the disease, but it is not an appropriate treatment for COVID. The purpose of this article was to summarize the evidence for the use of CQ to treat COVID-19.

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Background/Aims: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a proven marker in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality. However, the utility of a sequential NLR 2 (on day 5) in comparison to baseline NLR in predicting clinical outcomes and severity remains largely unexplored. Methods: This was a hospital-based retrospective observational study. Results: Higher mortality (19.9% vs. 48%) and a more severe disease (14.8% vs. 21%) were observed with elevated NLR 1 and NLR 2, respectively. NLR 2 at a cutoff of 9.88 was a better predictor of mortality, when compared to NLR 1 at 5.67, and NLR 2 has a strong correlation with mortality rates in COVID-19. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that NLR 1 and NLR 2 were more reliable predictors of mortality than disease severity; in comparison, NLR 2 is a more accurate predictor of mortality than NLR 1. The study unravels the potential role of a sequential NLR 2, to have a better correlation in predicting the clinical severity and outcomes. The potential role of NLR 2 in assessing the interim progression of the disease and thereby initiating specific interventions at critical junctures to influence the outcome is unveiled and merits exploration in detail by larger studies.

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