Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of background music on short-term and long-term memory recall and to find out which type of background music aids in the process of recalling. Methodology: Two hundred medical students were divided into four groups (fifty in each group). For all groups, the same set of words was projected with different background music and no music. Two-min time was given to memorize twenty words; they were asked to recall and write down the words within 2 min. Same participants were called back after 1 week and asked to recall and rewrite the same words, along with the same background music to which they were previously exposed. The number of words remembered by them was obtained for comparing short-term memory and long-term memory using the SPSS software. Results: Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA. The categorical values were described as median. Group A (no music) has obtained the highest score for both short-term and long-term memory with the median of 15 and 10, respectively. Group C (country music) obtained the lowest score with median of 11 (short-term memory) and 3.5 (long-term memory). There was statistically significance difference between Group A and C (P = 0.000), Group B (instrumental music) and C (P = 0.000), and Group C and D (rock music) (P = 0.000). Conclusions: The results show that music has an impact on learning and decreases the memory recall as highest scores were obtained for memory recall in participants who were not exposed to any background music.

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Introduction: First-trimester vaginal bleeding is an early indicator of underlying placental pathology and is a causative factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Although subchorionic hemorrhage is quite prevalent ,but outcomes have not been studied in the ongoing pregnancies. Hence, we aimed to study the outcome in pregnancies with subchorionic hemorrhage presenting with vaginal bleeding in up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. Methodology: The present study was an observational study conducted over a period of 1 year. A sample size of 230 patients presenting with threatened abortion within 20 weeks of gestation and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study. A routine ultrasound examination was done to analyze the presence of subchorionic hemorrhage, and the outcomes of such pregnancies were studied. Results: Total 230 subjects presented with bleeding in early pregnancy with gestational age of <20 weeks on ultrasound examination; 31 (13.4%) patients were found to have subchorionic hemorrhage. The present study showed that women with subchorionic hematoma had a significantly higher rate of complications. Conclusion: There is an increased risk of adverse outcome in pregnancy with subchorionic hemorrhage.

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Background: COVID-19 vaccine was launched in India on 16 January 2021, prioritizing health care workers. There is lot of apprehensions and anxiety regarding uptake of the vaccine among them. So, determining the acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine by healthcare professionals will also guide future vaccination studies. Objective: To know the willingness for COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital and to explore the factors responsible for unwillingness of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among health care workers of a tertiary care hospital of Odisha. Those who refused to participate in the study, pregnant & lactating mothers and those who participated in COVID 19 vaccine clinical trial were excluded from the study. Data was collected from 746 HCWs for a period of three months i.e., from January 2021 to April 2021. Results: 78.8% HCWs were willing to get vaccinated with COVID 19 vaccine. Also 78.6% HCWs were willing to get their family members vaccinated with COVID 19 vaccine. But 53.6% study participants were not willing for COVID 19 vaccination if they do not get the option of free vaccine. Major reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were concerns about the safety (60.8%) and efficacy of the vaccine (58.8%). Vaccine acceptance was more in older age group, Hindus, rural residents and those who have already suffered from COVID 19. Conclusion: Effort should be made to eliminate the doubts and concerns regarding the COVID 19 vaccine.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the threaten situation in the COVID-19 scenario and to know the benefits, drawbacks, opportunities, and challenges of trend work from home. It will be a golden opportunity for people who work from home in an organized way to enjoy with family and earn money together. Background: In past decades, lots of changes of working methods have occurred. These revolutionary changes are very useful and it is a need of time. Methods: This is a narrative review of literature compiling the findings of literature from searches of computerized databases, textbooks, and discussion with community. Discussion: The collected data from the literature review are presented into themes to get clear scenes and ideas. Some recommendations are discussed to use it in a proper way. Conclusion: This study identifies elements that affect workers' physical, mental, and emotional health and well-being while working from home, and it lays the groundwork for thinking about how to best support a pleasant work from home experience. As per ideas establish a routine, be organized, have a sufficient workspace, boost your productive work, be responsible, avoid lot of multitasking, enhance communication and network, be balanced, study remote research possibilities, and learn from issues.

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Background: Although there is an increasing emphasis on workplace-based assessment (WPBA) during postgraduate medical education, the current assessment relies mainly on summative assessment. Formative assessment is less valued and done only to fulfill regulatory requirements. Various methods have been described for WPBA; mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) is one of them. Mini-CEX is incorporated well in Western countries, but in India, it is rarely used. Aim and Objectives: The objective is to assess acceptability and feasibility of Mini-CEX as a formative assessment tool during pediatric postgraduation. Methodology: Twenty-one postgraduates and 10 faculty participated in the study. A total of 93 sessions were conducted, 65 with 3^rd year and 28 with 2^nd year residents. The perception of faculty and students about feasibility and acceptability was taken by a prevalidated questionnaire based on the Likert scale. Epi-Info 7.2.2.6 was used for data analysis. Percentage, ratio, mean, and median were calculated. The qualitative data were pooled, and conclusions were derived. Results: Ninety percent of faculty agreed mini-CEX can be adopted as a formative assessment tool, it is feasible with current time limit and existing faculties. Ninety percent of faculty opined that mini-CEX will not have an adverse impact on current teaching–learning and assessment activity and it had a positive impact on their attitude toward postgraduate teaching. 70% of residents found that it is a useful method. Conclusions: Mini-CEX is a useful formative assessment tool, feasible and can be adopted in postgraduate medical education.

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Background: Dentists frequently treat patients who have noticeable abnormal behavior as well as patients who have psychiatric disorders that are not easily identified. The Psychiatrist usually ignore the oral health and hygiene whereas the Dentist usually ignore the psychological health of the patients. Some patients may be so disturbed that personal hygiene is neglected; leading the patients to neglect oral hygiene and the resultant accumulation of plaque is detrimental to the periodontal tissues. Methods: 237 of the 530 patients presenting to Psychiatry OPD who met the inclusion criteria patients between the age group of 18-60 years, drug-naive patients with a diagnosis of mental illness according to the International classification of diseases – 10. The patients, with co-morbid mental retardation, suffering from neurological conditions, and physical handicap, were excluded from the study sample. The patients requiring emergency treatment due to severity of their psychiatric illness were also excluded. Results: Among the wide range of psychiatric disorder, it was observed that there is a total lack oral health awareness; a slightly better awareness was observed amongst the neurotic disorders; the worst were amongst the psychotic and mood disorders. Conclusions: Poor oral health is the gateway to the overall health. The psychoeducation to the patients and the family member must include the need and awareness towards oral hygiene in addition to the other points. A consultation liaison model must be in place to address these needs of the psychiatric patients as they are hesitant and ignorant towards their oral health.

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Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. World's attention is now toward malnourished girls who are more likely to remain undernourished during adolescence and adulthood, and when pregnant, they are more likely to deliver low birth-weight babies creating a vicious cycle. Objectives: (1) To study sociodemographic profile of adolescent girls and (2) to study the association of undernutrition with sociodemographic status. Materials and Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 268 adolescent girls of 7^th and 8^th standard, from government high school of Karad. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 for calculating mean with standard deviation and Chi-square test was applied. Results: According to body mass index for age, the prevalence of undernutrition was 32.85%. Similarly undernutrition was found high among rural girls (35.4%), among girls of age group 12 (34.85%) and those who were pure vegetarian (37.3%). It was found very much high among three generation type family (45%). Significantly high proportion of girls with first birth order (38.3%), below poverty line (BPL) families (71.4%), and the girls taking <3 meals per day (76.1%), were found to be undernourished. Skipping breakfast for 1-3 days per week (27.3%) and the girls using fast food (98.9%) as well as soft drinks (56.8%) showed high rate of undernutrition. Conclusion: Undernutrition was found to be prevalent among the rural adolescent girls with first birth order belonging to BPL families and associated with poor dietary habits.

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Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory microbial disease caused by complex of microbes. Prevention and control of periodontal disease must be based on the regular and complete removal of bacterial plaque n.Various modes of mechanical and chemical means of plaque control exist Conventionally, essential oils have also been used to cure many oral conditions. Many oils have been investigated for their effectiveness as anti plaque and anti gingivitis agents. Very few studies have used coconut oil or this purpose. Aim: The present study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the efficacy of virgin coconut oil pulling therapy versus 0.2% CHX mouthrinse and their effect on clinical parameters and total microbial load in salivary sample of periodontally healthy volunteers. Material and Methods: A total of 30 periodontally healthy volunteers with the age range of 18–45 years were randomly divided into two groups:-Group 1:virgin coconut oil mouthrinse (Plant Lipids®, Cochin, India) and Group 2: 0.2% CHX mouthrinse (Clohex Plus®, Dr Reddy's, India). Clinical parameters such as Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were recorded for all the subjects. An unstimulated salivary sample was collected in a sterile calibrated bottle and sent for baseline examination of oral microbial load. Subjects were asked to perform oil pulling in (Group 1) and 0.2% CHX rinse in (Group 2) in front of the instructor and were asked to continue for rest of the trial period in the same manner. Results: The mean PI at day 10, day 21, and day 30 was significantly more among coconut oil than CHX group. The mean CFU at day 10, day 21, and day 30 was significantly more among coconut oil than the CHXgroup. Conclusion: Both the study groups showed reductions in PI, GI, and GBI scores, higher reductions were seen in the CHX group.It was observed that CHX and virgin coconut oil were effective against microorganisms, thus causes a reduction in CFU and thus serve as a good alternative.

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To study systematic studies and analyze how treating periodontal disease might help to avoid unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. One of the most prevalent oral conditions affecting people is periodontitis. It has been observed that around thirty percent of the people in some populations. Periodontitis is found in 5–20% of the pregnant woman. It has been found that the management of periodontitis is safe in pregnancy through scaling and root planning. Preterm delivery and periodontal disease now have a clear link, according to current research. This finding has garnered significant interest of the clinicians and researchers. Five systematic reviews were judged to have excellent methodological quality (bias probability being little), whereas the remaining four received small ratings (immense or indistinct bias risk). Low-quality research supported the assumption that treating periodontal disease had a favorable impact, whereas studies with the best quality provided unambiguous evidence that no such benefit existed. Consistently inconsistent results from low- and best-quality trials were obtained. In high-quality studies, it was observed that the overall rate of preterm delivery periodontal disease treatment significantly lowered the (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.40; P = 0.15). In addition, rate of low birth weight infants even after the therapeutics of periodontal disease did not lessen (odds ratio 1.07, 0.85–1.36; P = 0.55), spontaneous abortions/stillbirths (0.79, 0.51–1.22; P = 0.28), or on the whole poor pregnancy outcomes (37 weeks considered as preterm births and/or unprompted abortions/stillbirths) (1.09, 0.91–1.30; P = 0.34). The use of treatment modalities for periodontal disease and other medical procedures can lessen preterm labor. However, treating periodontal disease alone cannot be considered a successful tactic to reduce the likelihood of preterm delivery even if it is not associated with any other medicinal course.

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Background: We aimed to assess the association of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) – a novel lipid marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation in Indians with the meta-analysis approach. Methods: Various databases, namely PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, were used to identify the prospective studies showing an association between CVD risk and lipid profile in the Indian population. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I² statistics, and data were expressed using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: After database search, six eligible studies assessing levels of sdLDL and LDL in Indian patients with premature CVD were identified. Level of sdLDL was found to have positive relation with CVD risk in Indians (SMD = 1.352, 95% CI: 0.744–1.96 mg/dL, I² 94.04%, P < 0.001) along with LDL (SMD = 0.680, 95% CI: 0.180–1.180 mg/dL) levels. However, the degree of association was greater with sdLDL. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis clearly identifies sdLDL as the better marker of premature CVD in Indians, especially in case of normal values of classical markers such as LDL.

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Gingival recession is a very common periodontal defect where gingiva moves apically and results in the exposure of root surface causing hypersensitivity, root caries that further leads to shallow vestibule and narrowing the amount of attached gingiva. Various surgical techniques are performed multiple times to get predictable results. In order to avoid patients' discomfort and number of invasive procedures, an intense need for an autograft is required, which has an adequate vascular supply and can be obtained from the same surgical site. Hence, we presented a case series where periosteal pedicle graft is used in treating Miller's class I and II single and multiple recession defects and its effectiveness over a 6-month period.

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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition that lasts for a short period of time during pregnancy. It is usually diagnosed in the second trimester of gestational period and present in almost 12% of pregnant women. Aim: The main aim of the study is to find the prevalence of GDM and depression status among pregnant women in rural population in Kancheepuram district. Methodology: Total of 150 pregnant women belongs to rural area were selected for the study to find out the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of fetal age were included in the study, and pregnant women below 24 weeks and above 28 weeks of the fetal age and women who refused to participate in the study were excluded. Detailed procedure was explained, and written consent was obtained from the subjects. The Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India criteria were used for the diagnosis of GDM, and Edinburgh postnatal depression assessment tool was used to measure the depression level among the pregnant women with GDM. Results: About 40% of the women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, in which out of 40%, 32% of the women with gestational diabetes were also suffered from depression during pregnancy. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a high incidence of diabetes during pregnancy among women in rural population in Kancheepuram district. Age, gravida status, parity, and obesity are the main risk factors that are strongly related to gestational diabetes.

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Thyroiditis is a general term for several inflammatory thyroid disorders ranging from autoimmune, infective, and drug induced to ionizing radiation. Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of thyroid-related pathologies. B-mode and color Doppler provide for a noninvasive and sensitive method in the evaluation of thyroiditis. Elastography is a recent modality of ultrasound. It helps in differentiating benign from malignant diseases. A definite diagnosis is often not possible on ultrasound alone, correlation of ultrasonography findings with elastography and clinical and biochemical parameters help us reach an appropriate diagnosis in most of the cases and further imaging is seldom warranted.

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The most prominent congenital syndrome is Down syndrome (DS). With the greatest number of births of all chromosomal disorders, it is the most well-known reason of physical as well as intellectual impairment. A comparatively elevated incidence of Down syndrome has been discovered in Saudi Arabia. Only few papers have been undertaken thus far describing the features of face and other oral features of Saudi Down syndrome subjects. To review the available literature on Down syndrome and it's oral effects in Saudi Arabia region. Down syndrome also described as trisomy of chromosome 21. It is a genetic autosomal inherited condition i.e non-sex chromosomal disorder that affects one in six hundred to one in two thousands live births in various populations and is marked by a deficit in physical and intellectual development. Due to the comparative elevated incidence of DS in Saudi Arabia—1 in every 554 live births—DS subjects were specifically chosen for this review of literature. There are now more people with DS as a result of the lowered mortality rate and rising incidence in Saudi Arabia population. The most noticeable craniofacial features are found in DS patients, along with other distinguishing physical and systemic manifestations. Midface deficit, prognathism of mandible, depressed position of nasal bridge, slanting of eyes, folds at the epicanthic region, condition of hypotelorism in ocular area, and strabismus constitute the documented craniofacial characteristics. Muscle hypotonia also affects the perioral muscles, which results in a lowering of the mouth's angle. A comparatively elevated incidence of Down syndrome has been discovered in Saudi Arabia. Only few papers have been undertaken thus far describing the features of face and other oral features of Saudi Down syndrome subjects. It can be concluded that individuals with Down syndrome in Saudi Arabia had a significantly higher incidence of facial as well as cranial features in comparison to the normal healthy counterparts. By using the search algorithms “(Down syndrome and dental caries, periodontal diseases), “(Down syndrome and deformity within oral structures), “(Down Syndrome and problems in occlusion and Craniofacial structures).”The researcher searched the Cochrane Central Systematic Reviews Registry, ISI Web of Science, and Medline without language restriction up to July 2022. Only few papers have been undertaken thus far describing the features of face and other oral features of Saudi Down syndrome subjects. It can be concluded that individuals with Down syndrome in Saudi Arabia had a significantly higher incidence of facial as well as cranial features in comparison to the normal healthy counterparts.

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A proper preliminary stage is essential for determining the appropriate therapy approach for each patient. Even though controversial, computed tomography (CT) preoperative staging in colorectal cancer (CRC) may be beneficial for planning surgery and neoadjuvant treatment, especially when local tumor extension onto surrounding structures or metastatic disease is identified. CT technology has advanced significantly since the debut of the multidetector row CT (MDCT) scanner. Due to developments in CT technology, the potential usefulness of CT in the diagnosis and staging of CRC has piqued attention. In recent studies, MDCT using multiplanar reformations imaging has shown promise in identifying the local extent and nodal involvement of CRC. CT scans are useful because they give functional as well as anatomical information. As a result, it is only normal to assume that CT will improve CRC preoperative staging accuracy. The exact identification of distant metastases is the most crucial additional information provided by CT. CT offers a relative advantage over CT in the assessment of patients with CRC in terms of tumor penetration thru the walls, extracurricular expansion, and regional lymph node metastases. Patients with metastatic lesions that are suggestive but not definitive should get a CT scan.

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The contribution of in vitro studies has been often under-valued in the context of dental research quality owing to the in vitro study's position in the bottom of the evidence pyramid and the limited number of appraisal tools which are comprehensive. There is a need to understand the scope and shortcomings of current tools used in the appraisal of in vitro studies as applicable to dental research and to propose a new quality appraisal tool for in vitro research which is superior to the current tools. A scoping review was conducted to address the above- mentioned objectives; a systematic search in the PubMed and Google databases was done for pertinent published articles as available till September 14, 2021. Concept notes, protocols, and editorials that reported tools for critical appraisal of in vitro studies in dentistry for both primary and secondary researches. After screening of titles, abstracts and after eliminating duplicates, two tools were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present scoping review. Critical appraisal of the two tools – modified CONSORT checklist of items for reporting in vitro studies of dental materials and CRIS (Check- list for Reporting In- vitro Studies) had limitations with respect to relevance, ethical considerations, and applicability. Based on the inadequacies identified in the existing appraisal tools, a preliminary checklist – Evidence, Ethics, and Quality Appraisal Tool for in vitro studies is proposed as a new tool that integrates quality appraisal of experimental procedures along with ethical standards, relevant to dental in vitro research.

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Water-borne diseases are on the rise all over the world. With the galloping progress of industrialization and urbanization, ground water which is the main source of drinking water is getting contaminated due to the various types of pollutants and is becoming scarce due to overconsumption. Consuming and using this contaminated water without any kind of treatment causes dangerous water-borne diseases. This is rampant not only in developing countries such as India but developed nations such as the USA as well. The prevalence of these water-borne diseases, its occurrence during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, effect of climate change on the occurrence of the diseases, adverse outcomes of water-related illnesses, possible treatment and precautionary methods should be reviewed. The types of pollutants, discussion of water-borne diseases, drugs used for treating the water-related diseases, treatments, and prevention measures have been covered in this literature-based review paper with a critical acclaim of literature sources available in the public domain. All references have been duly acknowledged in the references section of this paper.

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Background: Human health is primarily affected by stress leading to various noncommunicable diseases. The study was conducted to analyze whether yoga in daily routine improves perceived stress scores. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of yoga training on Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in adult population. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare stress scale during pre- and postyoga sessions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 70 healthy adults of age group 18–50 years coming to Yoga center under Yoga Vidya Gurukul. PSS was administered in those subjects on two occasions that is before starting the yoga sessions (pre yoga) and after completing the 5 weeks of structured yoga protocol sessions (post yoga). Results: Our study showed significant improvement in perceived stress scores upon completion of 1 month of yoga training, which highlights the importance of yoga in stress management and possible mechanism of effect of yoga on psychological level.

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Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) refers to a rare genetic disease chiefly affecting the ectodermal tissue derivatives. Hypohidrotic and hidrotic ED (HED) are the major clinically delineated forms of ED. Hypohidrotic form is the commonly occurring type. The condition manifests as a triad of hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, and hypodontia, and generally exhibits an X-linked trait. Very rarely, it manifests as an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Multidisciplinary treatment protocol necessitates teamwork by medical professionals along with dentists. Dental management at the initial stage can ameliorate the patient's esthetics, thus, abating the allied emotional and mental health issues in such patients. The purpose of this manuscript is to report an extremely rare case of ED in a young female patient who reported to us with a complaint of multiple missing teeth and spacing in teeth. The patient manifested salient features of HED after thorough history taking and a detailed physical examination. Our case was an unusual occurrence where the proband exhibited an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.

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Snakebite envenomation is a potentially life-threatening event which results due to the toxins present in the bite of venomous snakes. Snake bites commonly present with complications such as erythema, edema, bleeding, blistering, and tenderness at the bite site and autonomic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased salivation and sweating. Labored breathing and coagulopathy are among others. However, cardiac complications are not known to be a prominent feature of snakebites, although a few rare manifestations such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmias have been found in the literature. The case report that follows describes a patient of Snakebite who came with chief complaints of drowsiness, palpitation, nausea and vomiting. Blood investigation showed an abnormal coagulation profile. Electrocardiography revealed atrial fibrillation after which the patient was shifted to the intensive care unit and was treated with anti-snake venom. It eventually got resolved. Therefore, the case of snakebite warrants attentive cardiac monitoring.

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Introduction: Women's participation in the higher education sector, globally and in India, has seen a steep increase over the past two decades. Despite this increase, women still have several challenges to face in the workplace. The aim of this study was to try and understand the issues faced by women in higher education. Methods: This qualitative study uses focus group discussions to open dialog with Indian women who are eligible to occupy/currently occupy administrative positions in higher education to understand their issues, struggles, and realities within the realm of higher education. The study uses the social identity theory to contextualize the experiences of women in higher education and divides the analysis into the broad themes of social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. Results: The study finds that women face specific bias in the sector, deal with the dual responsibilities of caregiving and work duties, and also face stereotyping and lack of acceptance in the workplace. Women have mentioned that they need to alter their team management style and leadership styles since, often, men did not seem to be comfortable with being managed by women. Conclusions: The study indicates the need for training for all members of higher education on gender issues, especially issues with the management of both home and workplace duties, the need to have mentors and individuals to look up to, and the need for supportive policies for women to be able to succeed in higher education.

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Gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysms are rare complications of pancreatitis and commonly manifest as abdominal pain and gut bleeding due to rupture. Usually, these vascular complications are asymptomatic and are thus diagnosed incidentally on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography examination. Pseudoaneurysms should be treated immediately after diagnosis because of the higher rate of mortality (90%) in untreated cases, whereas 12% in treated cases. Herein, we describe a unique case of gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm in a 29-year-old male patient with chronic pancreatitis, which was treated successfully with embolization.

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Background: Forensic odontology has evolved with the evolution of mankind. Since ages it has been of our interest to identify the dead. Because of events beyond our control many human beings may not die a natural death or in familiar surroundings. The task of identifying these individuals is of paramount importance in forensic odontology. Method: A Quick response code of minimum dimension was customized and incorporated into e max lithium disilicate restorations. Restorations are fabricated in such a way that it can scanned using mobile software and displays aadhar number of patient, which ultimately helps in forensic identification. Result: This coded prosthesis helps in the identification of individuals. Conclusion: Code used in present study was readable in most of the ceramic restorations and maintains its sustainability in all the conditions under which it was tested.

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with periodontal disease. Aims: The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of periodontal diseases in female patients with PCOS in a tertiary centre at Kerala. Subjects and Methods: The study was held between December 2019 and December 2021 where a total of 320 female subjects in the age group of 20–35 years were included and among them 160 were PCOS diagnosed and 160 were healthy controls. Anthropometric and periodontal parameters were recorded and assessed among the groups. Statistical Analysis Used: Bivariate analysis between periodontal diseases and other covariant were done using Chi-square test. Those variables which were showing significant level up to 10% were taken to logistic regression model for estimating the adjusted risk for the periodontal diseases in PCOS patients. Results: In the PCOS group, 70 subjects (43.7%) were affected by gingivitis, 68 subjects (42.5%) were affected by mild periodontitis and 22 patients (13.7%) were diagnosed with moderate periodontitis. Gingivitis was observed in 153 subjects (95.6%) in the control group and mild periodontitis was only observed in 7 subjects (4.3%) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We can conclude that a dental check-up should be made mandatory in the management protocol of PCOS and the gynaecologist should also play a pivotal role along with the periodontist in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease in PCOS patients.

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Background: Intestinal parasitic infection can cause anemia in pregnant women and is a major public health problem. Ascariasis, amebiasis, hookworm, giardiasis, and trichuriasis are common intestinal infestations causing anemia. The study detects them by using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Stool samples were collected, transported, DNA extraction was done followed by multiplex real-time PCR was performed using specific primers and probes for their detection. The results so obtained were compared with results of microscopy. Results: A total of 234 pregnant women were enrolled in the study, of which 82.5% were anemic. Among them, parasites were detected by multiplex real-time PCR such as Ascaris lumbricoides in 73%, Ancylostoma duodenale in 8%, Entamoeba histolytica in 17%, Giardia duodenalis in 2%, and Trichuris trichiura 0%. All pregnant women with intestinal parasitic infection were anemic. Multiplex real-time PCR showed a high detection rate as compared to microscopy (100% vs. 14.7%). Polyparasitism was detected in 11% of cases using multiplex real-time PCR. Conclusion: Multiplex real-time PCR enabled the detection of intestinal parasites in pregnant anemic women with distinct advantage over microscopy. It can potentially be used in an epidemiological surveillance study and can potentially influence the treatment in practice for intestinal parasitic infection causing anemia in pregnant women.

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Shoulder pain is a common debilitating problem affecting both young as well as elderly people. Its prevalence varies from 6-11% in young adults to 16-25% in elderly. Supraspinatus Impingement syndrome is the most common impingement syndrome causing shoulder pain. Primary or secondary reduction of subacromial distance due to morphological differences of acromion, acromial osteophytes, superior migration of humeral head etc. are predisposing factor for supraspinatus impingement. The aim of this review article is to understand the relevant anatomy of subacromial space and review supraspinatus impingement syndrome and its association with subacromial distance and acromion morphology. Literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar databases using MeSH terms – 'subacromial distance', 'Supraspinatus Impingement syndrome', 'Acromion', 'MRI'. 8 studies from 2006 to 2021 have been included for review. It was observed that subacromial distance and lateral acromial angle are lower in patients with supraspinatus impingement compared to the general population. Whereas the acromion index is higher in impingement syndrome. Evaluation of supraspinatus impingement syndrome can be done reliably using specialized radiographic views and MRI. Extrinsic factors like reduced subacromial distance and acromion morphology are predisposing factors for impingement of supraspinatus tendon.

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Background: MRS and disregard MRI spectroscopy offers the capability of using magnetic resonance imaning (MRI) to noninvasively study tissue biochemistry. MRS is noninvasive technique that is used to study metabolic variance in brain tumors. Furthermore, diffusion-weighted imaging depicts the degree of water molecules diffusing across the unit volume of the region of interest as a result of sophisticated and dedicated software packages. Differences in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are related to changes in cellularity, cell membrane permeability, intracellular and extracellular diffusion, and tissue structure. Diffusion-weighted MRI is a powerful tool in the characterization of brain neoplasms. The present study attempts to derive the mean metabolite ratios as well as mean values of ADC with normalization in the setting of pituitary macroadenoma. Aim: (1) To evaluate mean metabolic ratios in pituitary macroadenomas using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in rural hospital setup in Central India, (2) To evaluate mean apparent diffusion coefficient value with normalization in pituitary macroadenoma using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a rural hospital setup in Central India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based observational study conducted over 2 years. All cases registered with Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital Sawangi, Wardha, diagnosed as pituitary macroadenomas were included in the present study. All patients were examined on GE Brivo MRI machine with 1.5 Tesla magnetic field strength in the Department of Radiodiagnosis. Diagnostic acumen was augmented with radiological features of brain tumors with metabolic ratios derived from metabolic values and ADC values. Results: Out of 142 patients included, pituitary macroadenoma cases were 18 in number. Observed metabolite ratios were derived from metabolic values obtained on MRS for choline (Cho), creatinine (Cr), lipid lactate, myoinositol, and n-acetyl aspartate (NAA). Ratios were calculated for Cho: Cr, Cho: NAA, Cho: myoinositol and Cho: lipid lactate. The range for Cho: Cr, Cho: NAA, Cho: myoinositol, and Cho: lipid lactate was 1.04–4.73, 0.96–4.12, 1.21–3.12, and 0.72–1.812, respectively. The mean values for Cho: Cr, Cho: NAA, Cho: myoinositol, and Cho: lipid lactate were 1.8655, 1.6094, 1.5561, and 1.4567, respectively. The range of ADC values observed was from 0.821 × 10⁻³ mm²/s to 1.523 × 10⁻³ mm²/s. Normalized ADC values were calculated on basis of observed ADC values in the numerator and the average ADC value of gray matter in the denominator which is taken as 0.8 and was in the range of 1.02625 × 10⁻³ mm²/s to 1.90375 × 10⁻³ mm²/s. The mean ADC value was calculated as 1.22 × 10⁻³ mm²/s. The mean normalized ADC value was calculated as 1.52 × 10⁻³ mm²/s. Conclusion: The research gap analysis toward which research question was framed stands filled up by generated new knowledge in terms of “mean metabolic ratios” and “ADC” values with reference to pituitary macroadenomas in the present study.

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Background: Health-care providers, particularly pediatric dentists, highly depend on electronic media. This survey attempts to assess how they have taken to e-media to keep themselves abreast of the current situation and use it efficiently. Objectives: To determine attitudes, awareness, and practices of e-media usage among pediatric dental professionals and postgraduate students in pediatric dentistry during the COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 958 pediatric dental practitioners and postgraduate students in pediatric dentistry from throughout India participated in a descriptive cross-sectional survey. An investigator-designed questionnaire comprising 23 close-ended questions related to the usage and various aspects of e-media before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Younger generations of pediatric dentistry are more active in the use of e-media. Dentists between the ages of 30 and 50 years are more likely to utilize social media in their profession than dentists above the age of 50 years. For academic purposes and patient communication, e-media was the most popular choice. Conclusion: The Indian pediatric dentistry profession has grown significantly with the use of e-media.

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Introduction: Facial and dental attractiveness can significantly impact one's life. As per Kiekens, smile esthetics contributed 25%–31% to facial attractiveness. Smile is one of the most effective means by which people convey their emotions. People have more positive acceptance and better behavior against attractive faces; this phenomenon is called “attractiveness halo”. The records needed for contemporary smile visualization and quantification can be static records (static photograph and/or lateral cephalogram), dynamic record (digital videography), and direct biometric/clinical measurements. Previous studies examining smile esthetics had used static photographs. Recently, a method of capturing and analyzing the smile using videography and computer software becomes need of an hour. Aim: Comparative evaluation of various parameters of spontaneous smile captured by conventional photography method (CPM), video clip method (VCM), and direct biometric method (DBM). Materials and Methods: The subjects were screened clinically and based on normal soft tissue profile angle in the profile photographs. Smile photographs of the subjects were obtained using conventional photography technique. VCM was used to capture spontaneous smiles of the subjects using the same camera. Finally, the parameters of the smile were directly measured on the subjects using Vernier calipers. Images were standardized and subjected to appropriate analyses to evaluate smile arc, buccal corridor, lower incisal display, upper gingival display, smile index, Morley's ratio, and smile line. Results: Measurements of smile arc, buccal corridor, lower incisal display, upper gingival display, smile index, Morley's ratio, and smile line on the photographs obtained from CPM showed statistically significant differences when compared to both VCM and DBM. Conclusion: As VCM is better able to capture and assess spontaneous smile when compared to CPM, it is the preferred method along with DBM as additional confirmation.

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Background: Early clinical exposure (ECE) is a teaching–learning methodology which promotes the acquaintance of dental students to patients during their initial 1^st year of learning. It comprehends in a socioclinical perspective which supplements learning of correlation of health and disease as well as the role of the clinician. Materials and Methods: Study population includes a Cohort of 96 students of 1^st year of Bachelor of Dental Sciences (I BDS). From I BDS, 48 students (Group A = interventional group) were selected as cases and 48 as controls (Group B = control group) by simple random sampling. Group A students were exposed to a module of ECE prepared in a clinical/hospital setting. Group B students were exposed to didactic learning of the selected content of syllabus. After intervention, the students' understanding of the topic for both Group A and B was evaluated by a prepared questionnaire (posttest). The effectiveness of this adjunct learning tool ECE was calculated using the absolute learning gain (ALG), relative learning gain (RLG), and normalized gain. Results: The significantly enhanced posttest score was observed in Group A (7.72 ± 1.42) as compared to Group B (4.08 ± 0.64). The ALG, RLG, and normalized gain were higher with ECE as an adjunct learning tool as compared to didactic learning. On analysis of the perceptions after feedback, it was observed that overall, 92.05% of the students strongly agreed that the ECE was a very appreciable, practically oriented teaching–learning tool and validated the better learning experience. Conclusion: ECE could be a better and effective adjunct teaching–learning tool in the dental discipline.

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Background: The goal of this study was to analyze the dental students' and faculty's perceptions of the usefulness of e-learning in prosthodontics during the difficult time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 213 students and 10 faculty members was conducted at the institutional level. The participants' perspectives on e-learning were formed using prevalidated anonymous questionnaires, one for students and the other for faculty, each including a total of 20 questions, both closed and open ended. The data were examined using SPSS version 24.0 for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used for descriptive statistics, whereas frequencies and percentages were used for categorical data. Results: The survey participants, students, and instructors all agreed that online classes had certain advantages since they fit better into their schedules. Both students and professors were dissatisfied with the learning quality because the prosthodontics subject is mostly a practical domain that necessitates active demonstrations and debates to master the practical aspects of the subject. Discussion: The results of this study revealed the substantial challenges that teachers and dental students encounter when it comes to e-learning in prosthodontics. These findings can be used to improve students' and faculty's learning experiences, as well as to develop an effective and productive online learning platform. Conclusion: The current study's findings revealed the substantial challenges that dental students and instructors confront when it comes to e learning in prosthodontics. This can then be used to advise the university's dentistry education section in developing an effective and productive online teaching platform aimed at improving students' learning experiences.

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Periodontitis a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dysbiotic plaque biofilm is characterized by the destruction of periodontal supporting structures. Based on the direction and angle, interproximal bone loss can either be horizontal or vertical. The identification and evaluation of these defects are imperative to ascertain therapeutic intervention. In this review, a detailed discussion about various methods adopted in evaluating interproximal bone defect is scrutinized.

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Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is a condition where multiple contractures of the joint develop, leading to deformity and restriction of movement. It is mostly seen in the neonatal period but the deformity may persist till adulthood also. A 1-day-old male baby presented with multiple deformities and contractures of all four limbs, with breathing difficulties. On examination, there was abnormal shoulder adduction with elbow extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist with thumb and finger deformity. In the lower limb, severe knee flexion with severe bilateral talipes equinus deformity was seen. A midfacial hemangioma and ear abnormalities were also present along with a skin dimple over both knees. The child was investigated fully for other congenital and systemic malformations. Finally, a diagnosis of the amyotrophic type of arthrogryposis congenita with facial hemangioma was made, which is a very rare association. The patient was managed by a multidisciplinary team approach and was discharged successfully. When a baby is presented with such a deformity, then the child should be screened fully and a genetic study should be done to prevent a recurrence of malformation in a subsequent pregnancy. The aim is to prevent early contractures and to restore limb function in the child and proper follow-up.

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Context: The research gap is found when it comes to studying the perception of the medical undergraduate students toward e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic in India when e-learning has emerged as the only available option to continue learning in medical education. Aims: This study aims to identify the perception of the medical undergraduate students toward e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic. Settings and Design: Descriptive questionnaire-based study was conducted at Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore. Materials and Methods: A prevalidated questionnaire form on online teaching was circulated to medical students of our institution. A total of 135 students' responses were analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistical method was applied and results are expressed in frequency and percentages. Results: Out of 135 responses, 37.8% were from phase I, 28.9% from Phase II, and 33.3% from phase III students. 57.8% of students expressed they would like to learn with online classes, whereas, 20.7% of students mentioned that teaching activities should be suspended till the pandemic settles down, 12.6% suggested self-directed learning, and the remaining 8.9% are happy with assignments and study materials. Regarding the format of online classes, 52.6% preferred live classes with PowerPoint presentations to prerecorded classes. With respect to duration, 77% insisted each class should be between 30 and 45 min. 71.9% said a maximum of 2–4 h they could concentrate on online teaching activity in a day. 88.9% expressed connectivity issues as a challenge, 60.7% were not able to grasp the subject, and 22.2% expressed that their doubts are not answered. In general, 81.5% feel that conventional offline classes are better and only 7.4% of students are happy with online classes. Regarding the benefits of online classes, 80.7% expressed that online classes are safe and can attend online class from any place. 69.6% mentioned that group activity is the major concern followed by lack of discussion with the teacher. Conclusions: With advanced technology online teaching though was a boon during pandemics for many but other concerns should be addressed for successful and effective teaching activities.

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Background: Mini-peer assessment tool (PAT), a multisource feedback tool, provides reliable information on a trainee doctor's performance in the areas of communication skills and humanitarian ethics. This tool is not utilized in the Faculty of Dentistry's postgraduate program in the subject of prosthodontics for formative assessment. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was undertaken to determine the usability of the mini-PAT as a formative assessment instrument for postgraduate trainees in the specialty of prosthodontics. The study was performed using a purposive sampling method and mini-PAT questionnaire to evaluate all the residents who consented to participate in the study at two-time intervals. Feedback obtained from the assessors was shared with every postgraduate trainee to encourage them toward constructive professional development. Results: Statistic was done using Pearson's Chi-square test with Fisher's exact test to discover the relationship between two categorical variables. The mean scores of seven criteria of the mini-PAT before and after intervention were compared. Overall ratings demonstrated significant improvement (P < 0.001) after the intervention. Conclusions: Mini-PAT was found to be a useful formative assessment tool for postgraduate trainees from dental faculty in the specialty of prosthodontics.

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Submandibular sialolithiasis is an uncommon pathology characterized by the presence of calculi in the salivary ducts. Ultrasonography is highly sensitive and specific for its diagnosis and helps in patient management.

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Vocal fold cysts are benign lesions of the larynx. Vocal fold cysts can be unilateral or bilateral and often confused with vocal nodules, particularly when symmetrical. The most common clinical presentation of this lesion is hoarseness of voice. The vocal fold cyst is usually secondary to vocal abuse. Endoscopic examination or videostroboscopy is an important tool for clinical confirmation of the vocal fold cyst. Transoral microlaryngeal surgery followed by speech therapy is an ideal treatment option for vocal fold cysts. Playing with a flute for a prolonged period is rarely reported with vocal fold cyst. Here, we report a case of true vocal fold cyst I in a 15-year-old boy who regularly practices flute.

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Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is a closed soft-tissue degloving injury caused by shearing force abruptly separating the skin and superficial fascia from the deep fascia and creating a potential space. Blood, lymphatic fluid, and debris collect and fill the space. The thigh, hip, and pelvic regions are the most commonly affected regions. Apart from the classic location over the region of the greater trochanter, MLLs have been described in other parts of the body. We present the case of a 67-year-old female patient with a past medical history of hypertension presented with a gradually growing swelling of the right gluteal region of 4-week duration, associated with pain on movement and relieved on rest and with no previous history of trauma, pain, or inability to walk. Ultrasonography of the right gluteal region revealed a well-defined localized collection measuring 8.0 cm × 5.1 cm × 2.6 cm with internal septations and few solid components with peripheral vascularity noted in the right gluteal region. Surgical excision specimen of the same was sent for histopathological examination, and a diagnosis of MLL was made. Early diagnosis and management is essential as any delay in diagnosis or missed lesion will lead to the effusion becoming infected or leading to extensive skin necrosis.

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Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition. Diverse incidence rates of this syndrome have been reported all over the world. It is estimated to occur 1 in 50,000–150,000. GGS is of particular interest to dental surgeons and maxillofacial radiologists because of their association with odontogenic keratocysts (OKC). GGS associated with OKCs tend was known to occur in individuals who were at a much younger age. In our case, cysts that were radiographically similar to OKCs were present in our male patient. OKCs associated with GGS are reported to be more frequent in the maxilla than in the mandible. GGS may manifest with the triad of basal cell nevi, keratocysts of the jaws, and deformities in the skeletal system. Recognition of the condition is crucial for establishment for early diagnosis as it can minimize the severity of the condition. The aim of this article was to report a case of GGS who was diagnosed primarily based on craniofacial manifestations.

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Background: To evaluate mean metabolite ratios and Apparent diffusion co-efficient value with normalization in cerebral metastases using MRS in rural hospital setup in Central India. Method: A cross sectional hospital based observational study conducted over a time period of 2 years. All the cases registered with Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital ,Sawangi, Wardha, diagnosed on histopathological findings as cerebral metastases were included in this present study. All patients were examined on GE Brivo MRI machine with 1.5Tesla magnetic field strength in the Department of Radiodiagnosis using b value of 1000 s/sq. mm, slice thickness 5mm, interslice gap 2mm applied in the x, y and z axes, central as well as peripheral portions of the tumor were manually sampled, preferably getting rid of cystic or necrotic areas. Histopathological diagnostic acumen was augmented with ADC values with normalization. Result: Range of ADC values observed was from 0.683 10-3 mm2/s to 0.873 10-3 mm2/s. Normalized ADC values were calculated on basis of observed ADC values and were in range of 0.8537510-3 mm2/s to 1.09125 10-3 mm2/s. Mean ADC value was calculated as 0.749 x 10-3 mm2/s. Mean normalised ADC value was calculated to be 0.9372 x 10-3 mm2/s. Observed metabolite ratios were derived from metabolic values obtained on MRS for Choline, Creatinine, Lipid lactate, myoinositol and n-acetyl aspartate. Range for Choline:Creatinine, Choline:n-acetyl aspartate, choline : myoinositol and choline : lipid lactate was 3.97 to 5.73, 3.24 to 5.76, 4.35 to 5.49 and 0.32 to 0.997 respectively. Mean values for Choline:Creatinine, Choline:n-acetyl aspartate, choline : myoinositol and choline : lipid lactate were 4.1289, 3.7838, 4.1256 and 0.9095 respectively. Conclusion: Research gap analysis towards which research question was framed stands filled up by the generated new knowledge in terms of 'Mean metabolite ratios','Apparent Diffusion Coefficient' and 'Normalised Apparent Diffusion Coefficient' values for cerebral metastases in the present study.

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