Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinal disorder which affects females aged between 12 and 45 years. It is the disorder in which the cyst is formed in the ovary. The oocyte does not get mature at its natural which and form a fluid-filled sacs known as cyst. When there are many cysts in the ovary, it is then known as polycystic ovary. It may affect both the ovaries. It causes absent menstrual cycles, weight gain, hirsutism, pigmentation, and decrease in hair volume. There are some studies which say that this is a lifestyle disorder, but the main reason is not known yet. PCOS leads to an obstacle in conceiving. It can be suppressed by some changes in lifestyle patterns such as daily exercise and food patterns. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a science and engineering subject that deals with intelligent behavior. It is a subfield of computer science that has improved human existence in a variety of ways. AI is a combination of reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, and language understanding. A general introduction to the subject of AI creates a new revolution in the world and creates a great scope in future to describe machines that mimic human nature in association with “cognitive” functions of human mind, such as “learning” and “problem-solving.”AI is the technique in which the human work is totally handled by machines. In various domains, AI has recently outperformed humans, and there is enormous potential in healthcare. The health-care system deals with a massive volume of data that is difficult to examine using standard approaches. AI's success in health-care offers improved illness prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment. There are many inventions in machines which can take over the manual work. The AI can reduce the percentage of human error and provides the best and fast result. Together, human people and innovation may pave the road for better health-care services. The ability for a system to automatically learn and improve is provided by machine learning, a branch of AI logically planned. Its main objective is to create new machine learning algorithms that allow users to access specific datasets and use the information for analysis and research the unstructured. Applications of machine learning support significant change, particularly in businesses such as health care that deal with data identification, image recognition, prediction, and identification. Much critical attention has been paid to PCOS screening. In order to address this problem, the current study was created to investigate a noninvasive way to aid in PCOS screening. Our research demonstrates that the suggested algorithm successfully detects PCOS (mean area under the curve of 0.978), suggesting that deep learning may be a potent technique for PCOS identification. In addition, research findings may suggest the exceptional potential of using scleral pictures to diagnose diseases. A fruitful study area may emerge from the integration of AI and characteristics taken from scleral pictures. This article mainly is about PCOS and the role of AI for its diagnosis and better results. The transvaginal ultrasound machine is a noninvasive means of examining the human ovary to show important aspects for PCOS diagnosis. The key characteristics that distinguish ovarian pictures are the number of follicles and their diameters. As a result, PCOS is diagnosed by manually counting follicles and measuring their diameters. This procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to errors. So to make this process easy and error free the introduction of AI is needed.

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Steroids are an important group of drugs from a dermatological point of view. They are prescribed quite frequently by dermatologists in oral and topical forms. They have varying functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-mitogenic properties. Locally applied steroid creams are frequently abused by patients due to their “magical” and rapid effects. The most common reasons for patients using steroid creams in unsupervised fashion are for skin lightening/brightening, inflammatory acne, and superficial fungal infection especially tinea. Steroids containing fixed dose combinations are frequently suggested by pharmacists, neighbors, friends, and quacks. Patients are usually unaware of the adverse consequences of the long-term unsupervised application of steroid containing cream. Skin atrophy, hypertrichosis, telangiectasias, steroid rosacea, monomorphic acne, and easy bruisability are the various adverse effects of local steroid creams on long-term use and have been termed as “topical steroid damaged face.” Dermoscopy is an illuminoscope examination of the epidermis and subsurface structure. It is a noninvasive technique that can be used to study the features of topical steroid-damaged skin. In this review, we have summarized the dermoscopic features of topical steroid damaged face.

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It is an already established fact that periodontal disease is principally caused by specific group of bacterial pathogens. The red complex of bacterial species plays an important role in periodontal disease progression. However, the 20^th century marked an important turning point in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. It was found that viruses can modify the host response as well as the pathogenesis by which bacteria affects the periodontium. This alteration in the pathogenesis of periodontopathic bacteria and the altered host immune response by the virus leads to periodontal disease progression. Over the years, various viruses have been associated with periodontal disease. In particular, the Herpesvirus species, human immunodeficiency virus and human papillomavirus has been widely researched. Moreover, the Epstein–Barr virus and human Cytomegalovirus co-exist in the subgingival environment along with the periodontal pathogens. The synergism among the bacteria and virus is a prime factor for severe periodontal breakdown. The present review article provides comprehensive information on the pathogenesis by which the viruses cause periodontal disease progression.

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The most common sign of male sexual dysfunction is ejaculatory pain following coitus. It is brought on by a number of factors including postsurgical treatments, tight or weak muscles, or any injury to the testes or adjacent anatomical structures. A 21-year-old male gym trainer experienced groin pain bilaterally during postcoital ejaculation for 2 weeks. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) recorded 7 out of 10 for the level of pain, for which the patient was advised to perform Kegel exercises, traditional physiotherapeutic exercises, and blood flow restriction training (BFRT). Eventually, posttreatment, the pain intensity decreased to 3 on NPRS. This unique case of postcoitus ejaculatory adductor tendon pain highlights the beneficial effects of both Kegel exercises and conventional exercise routines in addition to BFRT. This case is a novel finding and is unique, so it cannot be examined on a large scale.

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Introduction: Women are the most important part of the society and equally participate in the life existence on the earth. “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” is an awareness campaign to save girl children in India by ensuring their safety as well as to stop the crime against girl child, especially female feticide and gender inequality. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of young and aged adults regarding “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana” in a selected rural community. Methodology: The quantitative research approach was adopted for this study and the descriptive research design was used. The study was conducted among 200 young and aged adults at Bhuddhi village of Dehradun district with the help of nonprobability convenient sampling technique. The data were collected by using a valid tool comprising demographic variables, knowledge questionnaires, and attitude rating scale. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS 20. Results: Majority of the participants (59%) had moderate knowledge, while 77% had favorable attitude toward “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.” There was a statistically significant positive correlation (P = 0.0001*) between the knowledge and attitude of rural adults toward “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana.” In terms of association, education was statistically significantly associated (P = 0.0001*) with knowledge, whereas attitude showed an association with education (P = 0.0001*) and gender (P = 0.045*). Conclusion: The study highlighted that young and aged adults have moderate knowledge and favorable attitude regarding “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” scheme. Mass awareness campaigns are needed for positive outcomes of the scheme.

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Since the tumors are typically in an advanced stage when diagnosed, oral cancer is characterized by a high rate of morbidity and death. Using AI also known as artificial intelligence for oral premalignant lesions and conditions has been proposed recently. This checking survey examined the data about various artificial intelligence devices on the side of noninvasive analytic procedures including telemedicine, clinical pictures, fluorescence pictures, exfoliative cytology, and indicator factors in the potential for oral cancer. The results suggested that using these technologies could result in a method for the early detection of oral cancer which is less dangerous. Early oral cancer detection helps in the proper management and treatment of the patient. Artificial intelligence (human-made intelligence) has been viewed as encouraging for enhancing diagnostic procedures. The review's goal was to strengthen the evidence supporting the use of AI in the early identification of oral cancer. Artificial intelligence plays a significant part in diagnosing oral cancer; however, a few issues should be addressed in corresponding to the artificial intelligence procedures to permit the transfer of the latter on a significant scale to population-based detection techniques.

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Background : More than 264 million individuals around the world suffer from depression, with females experiencing it twice as frequently as males. Material and Methods: Women with depression have been reported to have considerably reduced blood levels of estradiol. To determine the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen, and progesterone in depressed women as well as any abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, we conducted this case-control study. Observation and Results: A total of 25 depressive patients and 25 matched controls who were not depressed were evaluated. The DSM-IV criteria were used to diagnose the patients. The controls, who were premenopausal women, had no history of current or previous mental disorder. The 17-point Hamilton rating scale was used to assess the severity of the depression. The 17-point Hamilton depression rating scale was used to assess the severity of the condition. Conclusion : Both in the follicular phase (p<0.05) and the luteal phase, depressed patients had significantly decreased levels of estradiol. The majority of patients had sleep difficulties, leading to recommendations to assess estradiol levels in depressed ladies and to think about hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

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Background: The current study was aimed to investigate the patterns of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility in Oman with a special focus on determining the changing resistance patterns. Materials and Methods: The current study was a retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at a referral hospital in Oman. The socio-demographic characteristics and the microbiological data of MRSA strains isolated between January 2015 and December 2018 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: In total, 1190 MRSA isolates from clinical specimens were studied. Infection was predominant among males (59%). There was an increasing trend of MRSA infection (19.2%–28.5%) from 2015 to 2018. The frequency of infection was less among elderly as compared to other age groups. Majority (58.7%) of MRSA was recovered from pus and wound swabs. The overall resistance to the tested antibiotics was as follows; ciprofloxacin (30.2%), erythromycin (27.1%), clindamycin (21.8%), gentamicin (10.7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5.2%), linezolid (0.3%), and vancomycin (0.2%). Furthermore, a significant increase in resistance to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (from 16.8% to 37.1%), erythromycin (from 13.4% to 27.7%), gentamicin (5.2% to 16.1%), clindamycin (from 11.5% to 26.6%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (from 1.8% to 7.2%) over time from 2015 to 2018 was observed. Conclusions: The present study revealed a relatively high frequency of MRSA infection and changes in their antibiotic-resistance patterns to some commonly used antibiotics over time in Sohar Hospital. Optimized antibiotic prescription through targeted stewardship interventions to preserve formulary antibiotics that still maintain their effectiveness and updating existing infection control practices is crucial.

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Background: In this digital era, the role of mobile phone technicians is very important. Musculoskeletal discomfort is one of the most frequent occupational health concerns in both developed and developing nations, and it comes at a substantial cost to employers in terms of reduced productivity and higher health care expenses. Material and Methods: The aim was to study the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal discomfort among mobile phone technicians in Nagpur, India. An observational cross sectional study was conducted on 1000 repair technicians satisfying the inclusion criteria. Perception of barriers and facilitators was estimated as a percentage along with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence was high (78%). Work related musculoskeletal pain in the age range between 25 and 33 years (51%) was more common. The present study found that the severity of pain according to the Numerical Pain Rating Scale for the majority of the study participants(55%) was moderate. The result indicates that the most discomfort of the body regions is in the neck (36%), followed by the lower back (30%). Conclusion: Work related musculoskeletal disorders represent a significant burden for mobile phone repair technicians. They may suffer musculoskeletal problems as a result of their prolonged work hours and heavy exertion. This study found a link between the emergence of musculoskeletal discomforts in mobile phone technicians and the factors that cause them.

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Health-care systems have been under increasing pressure to transition from manual to electronic systems as information technology has advanced. The electronic health record is a cutting-edge information technology system that has attracted a lot of attention. An electronic medical record (EMR) is a computerized legal medical record created in a health-care organization such as a hospital or a doctor's office. Health-care systems have been under increasing pressure to transition from manual to electronic systems as information technology has advanced. The electronic health record is a cutting-edge information technology system that has attracted a lot of attention. To increase the quality of care in the health-care context, EMRs were deployed. I looked into the link between EMRs and patient care quality. EMR aids in the storage and management of information on a patient's status, as well as medical and surgical procedures and treatments. EMRs are also beneficial to health providers since they save time by eliminating the need for paper documentation and accurately storing past health histories and treatments. I have compiled a list of publications about EMRs and patient care quality. The aim of the study was to find the association between EMR use and quality of patient care. After reviewing all of the preceding research and papers on the relationship between EMR use and patient care quality, I have come to the conclusion that EMR use improves patient care quality. Because it records and manages patient data, medical history, and treatment, it enables health-care providers to streamline their work and paperwork processes, allowing them to focus on the quality of patient care they provide. In the ambulatory environment, primary care clinicians who used a single EHR found that intense use of specific EHR features was linked to improved adherence to advised care as shown by results on electronically reported “meaningful use” quality metrics. This study is pertinent to current policy because it employs quantitative EHR usage measurements rather than self-reported use and quality indicators developed by modern certified EHR technology. The use of particular EHR features was linked early on in the “meaningful use” initiative to better results on metrics for the health-care system. Apart from this, there were some limitations which were found in some articles such as limited patients' information because the administrative data were collected from the billing details. Furthermore, non-EHR variables that cannot be completely accounted for in some analyses may contribute to changes in care quality following the introduction of EHRs.

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Background: Commercialization of medical care and lack of mutual trust between doctors and patients have led to a rise in acts of violence against health-care workers. Materials and Methods: In this facility-based cross-sectional study, 71 doctors and 71 patient caretakers were assessed about their perceptions of violence among doctors. Ethics committee approval was obtained before the commencement of the study. The study participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. An independent t-test was applied to study the difference in the mean perception scores between doctors and patient caretakers and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: A majority (n = 49, 69%) of the doctors in our study had personally faced aggression or violence at their workplace. More than half of the doctors who faced violence/aggression were postgraduates (n = 29, 59.2%). Patient caretakers were responsible for violence/aggression in the majority of the cases. The long waiting period in hospitals was the main reason perceived by the doctors (n = 45, 63.3%) and patient caretakers (n = 54, 76.1%) for the aggression/violence. Doctors strongly felt that the media played an important role in the rising violence against doctors by portraying them negatively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Workplace violence against doctors is very prevalent in our setting and junior doctors are more at risk. Violence against doctors is overlooked outside of the health-care community and does not receive the due global attention it deserves.

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Background: Nonresponse by the potential study participants is a big challenge in survey design and conduction as it reduces the effective sample size and can introduce bias affecting the validity and generalizability of the survey findings. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore enablers and barriers for participation and completion of web-based online surveys among the health-care workers of a tertiary care institute. Materials and Methods: A specially designed, pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants through personal interviews. Results: A total of 318 health-care workers constituted the final sample for the study (response rate: 95.2%), of which 52.8% were males and the rest 47.2% were females with majority (64.8%) <30 years of age. Only 6.6% of the participants were willing to respond to an online survey immediately, whereas majority (63.8%) would wait for some suitable time for responding. The common reasons given by the participants for responding to online survey were serving the society by doing so (43.4%), investigator values their opinion (39.6%), survey not being on any controversial issue (25.2%), and survey being anonymous (14.5%), and the common reasons for not responding to an online survey mentioned by the participants were forgetting about it due to busy schedule (58.8%), thinking it to be useless (27.6%), and lack of reminders (16.2%) and did not like participating in online surveys (10.2%). Conclusion: For achieving a good response and participation rates in online surveys, a multimodal approach is required consisting of traditional prenotification followed by several waves of reminders and, if possible, personalized message and telephonic follow-up. The online surveys should be short, appealing, less frequent, nonrepetitive, completely anonymous, and asking for minimal personal information to achieve good participation rate.

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Introduction: Knee injuries are one of the most common injuries in the athletic population. In case if left untreated, it leads to degenerative changes; hence, timely management is important. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to study the correlation between cruciate ligament and meniscal tear in sports injury. (I) to grade the cruciate ligament injury, (II) to classify the type of meniscal tear, and (III) to find the association between cruciate ligament injury and type of meniscal tear. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the institute of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), for the period of 2 years and included patients who came for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) knee with a history of knee injury while playing sports which reveals cruciate ligaments and meniscal injury are included in the study population. Results: In our study, there was a statistically significant difference was observed in anterior cruciate ligament tear and lateral meniscus tear in all grades. Conclusion: We found the diagnostic efficacy of MRI for lateral meniscus tear was statistically significant with anterior and PCL tears. Radiologists and surgeons must be more cautious in examining the lateral meniscus in MRI.

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Bicondylar tibia plateau fractures are a common injury in day-to-day practice, and categorization and treatment methods have been effectively described in the literature. The Hyperextension bicondylar tibia plateau (HEBTP) fracture is an uncommon fracture that is difficult to classify using standard classification techniques and has no set treatment strategy. Compressed anterior cortex, tension stress failure of the posterior cortex and loss of normal posterior slope of tibia plateau are all symptoms of HEBTP, which is produced by hyperextended high-energy trauma. HEBTP fracture is a kind of tibia plateau fracture which largely affects the tibial condyle' sagittal alignment. They account for fewer than 20% of all bicondylar injuries. As the knee has varus alignment and restraint of the knee's posterolateral capsule-ligamentous complex, there is asymmetric accumulation of force to the medial plateau resulting in a characteristic injury pattern that is often more severe on this side. Hence, we discuss a case of HEBTP managed with bicondylar plate and its functional outcomes. We present a case of a 44-year-old male patient who came to Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Wardha with 5-day-old history of high-energy trauma to the right knee, with discomfort and swelling over the right knee and inability to bear weight over the right lower limb. The patient initially went to a local doctor and was treated conservatively with an above knee slab over his right lower limb before being sent to AVBRH for further treatment. On examination, there was extensive edema and varus deformity over the right proximal tibia. The tibia had substantial posterior sag, which is unusual in a tibial plateau fracture. Tenderness was present across the proximal one-third of the tibia, although there was no increase in local temperature. Range of motion in the knees was not possible. Clinically, there was a 10° varus deformity. The posterolateral ligament complex and collateral ligaments could not be evaluated. There were no symptoms of compartment syndrome present. There was no neurovascular injury. Distal circulation was intact. The differential diagnosis was posterolateral corner injury, posterior subluxation, or dislocation of the knee. To rule out the differentials, radiological imaging, X-ray, and a computed tomography scan were performed and the patient was diagnosed to have hyperextended bicondylar tibia plateau fracture. Open reduction and internal fixation with bicondylar plate osteosynthesis were used to treat the patient and extensive postoperative physiotherapy regimen was started. The patient was then followed up and results were recorded. The treatment for hyperextension tibia plateau fractures includes reducing fractures while healing critical ligament damage and restoring knee joint stability. If the tibial rim is depressed, the tibial rim should be rebuilt to restore the joint's stability. The features of anterior tibia fractures produced by knee hyperextension injuries are unknown at this time. For anterior tibia plateau fractures, there is very less unanimity on the best technique and fixing methods. The clinical dilemma of deciding how to decrease as well as cure the fractures of the anterior tibia plateau produced by the hyperextension injury remains unsolved. The treatment of hyperextension bicondylar tibia plateau fractures managed with open reduction and bicondylar plate osteosynthesis yields outstanding outcomes.

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Currently, in the COVID-19 pandemic, few nations have effectively diminished their contamination rate early, while others have been overpowered. There are various reasons behind effective decrease in the rate of contamination in different nations but ,the one that stands out is the distinguished rate which decides on how the information has been provided by the government and other networks and its effective adaptation and implementation by the public. This global disease has disturbed people psychologically; henceforth, effective communication, if overlooked, can be endangered for susceptible populations. Herein, this article gives an insight view of the basic structure for effective communication during the pandemic which should be understandable and practiced by the medical and dental experts and other health-care workers for developing a good rapport for treating COVID-19 patients. Effective communication aims at providing information to the public that may seem senseless at first instance , as well as aims at increasing their self reliance to react on the details they have that may also be beneficial. To develop a way for preventing and controlling future viral illnesses, especially those as dangerous as COVID-19, we need to move forward by building trust and developing multidisciplinary voices which help in utilizing effective communication for various objectives and audiences, so that clear, compassionate, and practical messages can be delivered.

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The quality of life of patients with diabetes having peripheral neuropathy can be improved with an early detection of this detrimental diagnosis. This review summarizes the already established diagnostic methods (electrodiagnostic and sensory screening) and the recent radiological diagnostic methods (ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging) used in the screening of peripheral nerves health in diabetic patients. Electronic searches were conducted of databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline to retrieve the relevant studies in the review. The independent selection, appraisal, and data extraction were done by two reviewers. The searched articles were categorized into three diagnostic methods categories, namely, electrodiagnostic, sensory screening, and radiological. Two diagnostic methods were included under electro diagnostic and radiological methods and eight diagnostic tests were included under sensory screening. High-resolution ultrasonography and magnetic resonance neurography have higher sensitivity and specificity to detect early peripheral nerve lesions among all methods. This review will help clinicians to facilitate the early correct diagnosis of the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes.

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Introduction: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important and successful method for liver and gallbladder (GB) lesion diagnosis. Aspiration from liver and GB masses and its cytological evaluation differentiate whether it is benign or malignant. It is of huge help to the clinician for deciding on timely and appropriate management of the patient. Image-guided FNAC of liver lesions helps to know lesion localization whether it is multifocal, with the benefit of multiple passes for adequate sampling. Aims and Objective: This study aims at finding the importance and effectivity of image-guided FNAC of liver and GB masses with the main focus on the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective study conducted in the Cytology Section in the Department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, from January 2019 to March 2021. All the slides of liver and GB fossa mass aspiration done with help of image guidance were stained and examined. Results: There were a total of 86 cases, out of which six cases had unsatisfactory material, thus rendering them as nondiagnostic (7%). The diagnostic efficacy is 93%. Out of 80 cases, 71 (87.5%) were reported neoplastic and 9 (12.5%) were nonneoplastic. Among neoplastic lesions (71/80, i.e., 88.7%), 70 were malignant and one case was reported as suspicious for malignancy. Out of 71 neoplastic lesions, 39 were from liver mass and 32 were from GB fossa. Among 38 malignant neoplastic tumors of the liver, six cases were hepatocellular carcinoma (15.7%). Out of 32 metastatic lesions to the liver, 30 were of adenocarcinoma and one case each of small-cell morphology and lymphoma. Conclusions: Cytological evaluation is an important tool and can be applied as the first line of diagnostics in the management of liver masses and can characterize liver masses. GB lesion cytology has more diagnostic yields and accuracy of differentiating neoplastic lesions from nonneoplastic lesions. Hence, from the study, we can conclude that advanced techniques in the cytological study of liver and GB mass can give an early diagnosis.

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Introduction: The proximal femoral nail (PFN) and dynamic hip screw with trochanteric support plate are two implants used in the management of pertrochanteric hip fracture. In this study, we try to find out if one implant is better than the other. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients were included with 20 each in both the groups between August 2016 and February 2018 in this prospective observational study. All patients were recorded and analyzed for the length of incision (LoI), period of hospitalization (PoH), blood loss, time of union (ToU), duration of surgery (DoS), Parker and Palmer mobility score (PPMS), and Harris hip score (HHS). Results: PFN was found to have a statistical advantage over TFN in terms of LoI (6.4 vs. 14.7 cm.), DoS (70.65 vs. 105.25 min), blood loss (97.25 vs. 294.0 ml), ToU (14.9 vs. 17 days), and PoH (18.1 vs. 21.6 days). While PPMS (7.05 vs. 6.5) was comparable in both groups, HHS (90.25 vs. 81.6) was better in the PFN group. Conclusions: PFN was found to be a better minimally invasive implant for pertrochanteric fractures when closed reduction is possible in terms of LoI, PoH, ToU, DoS, blood loss, and HHS but not for PPMS.

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Background: Cephalometric values particular to one ethnic group may not be applicable to others. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare Steiner's analyses in Class I, Class II, and Class III patients of Central India in two different age groups. Materials and Methods: Sample size comprised 240 patients belonged to Central India. Patients were divided into two main groups: Group I comprised 120 young children in age of 12–16 years and Group II comprised 120 young adults in age of 18–22 years. Steiner's analysis was done from the data collected to assess skeletal and dental parameters. Results: Central Indian patients had bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion, particularly predominant in Class I and Class II males and Class III females. Central Indian patients had predominant retrognathic jaws in comparison to Caucasian norms. Conclusions: The differences of skeletal and dental parameters indicate that Caucasian norms cannot be truly adhered to Central India patients during orthodontic treatment. Incisors were normally more proclined in Central Indian patients and their overretraction during orthodontic treatment would cause flattening of facial profile and therefore should be avoided.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to enhance results in the future, diabetes care. The goal of this article was to help people with diabetes, their clinicians, families, and caregivers better understand what AI breakthroughs are important now. AI medical applications include diagnosis, categorization, therapy, and robotics, among others. We are no longer confined to descriptive data analysis because we may acquire a larger by recognizing and anticipating patterns coming from inductive reasoning, owing to medical learning. AI applications have the potential to revolutionize diabetic care by assisting millions of people with diabetes in achieving better blood glucose management, reducing hyperglycemic episodes, and lowering diabetic morbidity and complications. We can see the evolution of closed-loop insulin delivery systems with inbuilt AI algorithms to safeguard both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetes, which have been relatively few attempts in management techniques for diabetes excursions. The medication you choose and how much you take depend on a variety of factors, including your body mass index, which influences beta-cell activity and insulin resistance, among other things. There are great assessments of research that have employed an AI approach to treat diabetes. The only way to deal with vast, diverse datasets is to rely solely on quantitative data. At this point, there are numerous issues with absolute reliance on quantitative data, depending on the frequently poor quality of this sort of information, as well as the necessity to complement combining a quantitative and qualitative approach. Attempting toward the transformation of unstructured data into digitally processed information data is a domain of cognitive computing that is predicted to grow in importance. To make a substantial contribution to AI aside from the purpose, there are 48 other factors to consider.

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Millions of infertility-stricken couples rely on in vitro fertilization (IVF) every year in the hopes of establishing or expanding their families. Endometriosis, poor egg quality, a mother or father's genetic condition, ovulation issues, antibody disorders that destroy sperm or eggs, sperm inability to penetrate or survive in the cervical mucus and low sperm counts are all typical complications that lead to human infertility. Nonetheless, fertilization is not guaranteed with IVF. They hefty expense of IVF and the uncertainty of the outcome make it a difficult decision. Because there are so many problems and fertilization factors in the IVF procedure, it is difficult for fertility physicians to anticipate a successful pregnancy. In this study, the likelihood of a live birth was calculated using artificial intelligence (AI). This research focuses on predicting the likelihood that when the embryo gives birth to a living baby develops from a couple rather than a donor. We compare multiple AI methods, including both traditional machine and ensemble of algorithms human fertilization and embryology authority. The pregnancy success is determined by both male and female characteristics as well as living condition. In reproductive medicine, predicting the success of IVF treatment is a highly semantic issue. There is a strong need for developing systems to support the human mind since there are still differences in outcomes among reproductive centers and the literature is constantly being flooded with new approaches designed to predict the desired outcome. Since 1986, several approaches have been put out in an effort to make this prediction. The clinically relevant criteria IVF are used in this study to predict a successful pregnancy. As a result, AI has a potential future in decision-making for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Medical practitioners can give live-birth advice at clinics based on their own expertise or the success record of the fertility center, which may or may not be acceptable in some instances. Making decisions with AI assistance may not be bad, but it is likewise not better). However, what autonomy really needs is learning knowledge that is pertinent to and significant to one's values. Having knowledge of a prediction's foundation (cleavage rate, symmetry, etc.) is irrelevant; the dangers, side effects, and benefits, as well as the level of confidence associated with them, are what matter assessments. This research will aid patients and doctors in making a definite decision based on a tool that predicts whether IVF therapy will be based on a patient's inherent quantifiable predictions, successful or failing. Couples will be counseled on their chances of having a live birth using this tool, which will help them mentally prepare for the pricey and time-consuming IVF procedure.

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It is usually associated with rashes and an Escher. If remain undiagnosed, it results in serious illness like multiple organ involvement and finally death. The various clinical manifestations of scrub typhus is caused by direct effects of organism or due to exaggerated immune response. The disease responds dramatically to antibiotics but may lead to mortality in the absence of treatment. Here, in this case series, we describe ten cases showing the typical manifestations of scrub typhus highlighting the clinical manifestation of this deadly disease.

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Background: Anemia in developing countries is a major public health challenge whose burden is influenced primarily by dietary factors, physiological characteristics, and cultural practices. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of anemia among medical students and find its associated sociodemographic, dietary, or clinical correlates, if any. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 665 medical undergraduate students, who were screened for anemia via a camp-based approach, with estimation by an automated hemoglobinometer and participant recruitment by an opt-in option. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 19.8%, with a significantly higher prevalence among females (40.9%) compared to males (5.6%). All males and majority of female anemics (56.4%) belonged to mild category. On bivariate analysis, female sex, hostel residence, and frequent consumption of meat or poultry were significant predictors of anemia. On adjusted analysis, female students were 11 times more likely to have anemia compared to male students (P < 0.001). Furthermore, menstrual irregularities were more frequently reported by the female students with anemia. Conclusions: A high burden of anemia exists among female medical students. These findings emphasize the need for regular and periodic screening activities, supplemented with health education activities for awareness generation to control this neglected public health problem.

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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma with good survival if treated promptly and under appropriate management modalities. The extranodal occurrence of DLBCL in the head and neck region is uncommon in children. Diagnosis is often delayed when the presentation is atypical, especially involving unusual sites. This is a report of a 13-year-old child who presented with a headache. He had a history of infectious mononucleosis 1 year ago, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology of the cervical lymph node. Imaging studies showed a lesion in the nasopharynx extending to the parapharyngeal space. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy showed a smooth mass in the left nasal cavity, which was biopsied and diagnosed as DLBCL on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. He was treated with chemotherapy; however, the disease did not respond to the treatment. We emphasize that headaches in a young boy necessitating frequent visits to medical practitioners should not be ignored but evaluated thoroughly.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a computer-controlled system or device's ability to interpret and judge human tasks. AI has advanced significantly in a range of disciplines in recent years, from medical to experimental. With the assistance of someone who knows what they are doing, you can learn concepts and algorithms. The success of current efforts has contributed to learning because of the availability of huge datasets, accessibility, and computing capacity. Machine learning is the process of a computer extracting information from patterns and using those patterns to make predictions. Technology for assisted reproduction, many mechanical learning technologies have been employed to improve assisted reproductive technology performance, and they are now being used more frequently in health care. Despite the numerous hurdles, the integration of AI therapy will undoubtedly provide an important direction for the future development of medicine. We cover the work done on machine learning and AI in this overview, as well as how to keep the industries ahead of the curve, and, in terms of fertility therapists, the tests conducted on these industries and experiments address the issues as well as give light on the future direction and potential. We have accounted for all of these things in this post, keeping machine learning and AI expertise and concepts in mind. A review of the above-mentioned reproductive medicine experiments, as well as a review of AI future issues and trends, are thoroughly examined. AI trials in the medical industry will continue to rise as precision medicine develops and large data becomes more widely available. Despite its limits, present AI technology is ideally suited to addressing well-defined difficulties in a variety of therapeutic settings. Women who do not have children, such as infertility patients, could benefit from such a system, which could improve pregnancy outcomes and treatment. Similarly, to a married woman who, despite her best attempts, has been unable to conceive for many years, that type of woman can assist in conceiving. We realize that AI technology capabilities are expected to grow over time and that solutions can benefit by delivering high-quality health care more precisely and effectively in practice.

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Purpose: Xerostomia is a serious concern with many ramifications observed in the oral cavity. Dentists can recognize the features of xerostomia early and relieve the discomfort of the patient. The relationship between xerostomia and its risk factors has been established but the risk factors have been considered independently or with no distinction among the causative components of xerostomia. Studies relating to xerostomia and edentulism with relation to risk factors and symptoms are not very many. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in partially and completely edentulous patients. Questionnaires were completed by 234 participants. The questionnaire recorded the socio-demographic information, medical history, oral hygiene habits, and symptoms of xerostomia. Clinical examination was done to record the missing teeth. All the data were collated into an excel sheet and statistically analyzed. Results: The mean age of the participants was 54.6 years. Of the 234 participants, 68 (29.05%) had xerostomia. The older age group (>50 years) showed a higher prevalence of xerostomia than the younger age group (<50 years), past smokers complained more of xerostomia than the current smokers and as the number of medications increased xerostomia increased, but none of them were statistically significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of xerostomia in partially and completely edentulous patients was 29.05%. None of the variables of risk factors were associated with xerostomia. Dry lips and dry throat were strongly associated with xerostomia.

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The advancements made in the field of endodontics are increasing every day. Introducing a broad spectrum of newer root canal instruments has been a boon to the endodontist. Nevertheless, inadequate knowledge about its correct usage has proved to be a bane in the real sense. With the availability of sufficient armamentarium, good management skills combined with an excellent clinical experience all together serve as the best possible combination in dealing with fractured instruments, which otherwise seem like a challenging task. The microbiological and biomechanical aspects are the deciding parameters during decision-making. Thus, the series of cases presented in this case report is about the successful retrieval of broken files from root canals using Masserann kits and ultrasonics.

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Background and Purpose: Acute pancreatitis is one of the major causes of acute abdominal pain that requires hospital admission worldwide. Our objective was to find the proportion of acute pancreatitis in acute abdomen cases among the rural population and to assess pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase) for the severity of acute pancreatitis. By doing so, we can establish the importance of a single enzymatic marker in acute pancreatitis. Methods: A retrospective and observational study was undertaken on men and women of all age groups admitted over 1 year with acute pancreatitis at a rural tertiary care hospital located at the tristate junction of South India. Pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase) were compared based on the grading and severity of pancreatitis according to the modified computed tomography severity index. Results: The proportion of acute pancreatitis was 40% among all acute abdomen cases. Most patients with acute pancreatitis were chronic alcoholic men (62.5%). The common finding in abdominal ultrasonography (USG) was the enlargement of the pancreas (97.5%). There was an overall rise in serum lipase levels in all acute pancreatitis patients, especially in alcoholic patients. The median lipase levels were higher in severe acute pancreatitis than in moderate acute pancreatitis, with P = 0.006. In comparison, there was no significant difference in amylase values between them. Conclusions: In this study, we could conclude that acute pancreatitis is one of the major emergency conditions in this region of rural India, especially among men who are chronic alcoholics. The enlargement of the pancreas was the most frequent finding in USG among these patients. We suggest that a single pancreatic marker (serum lipase) in acute pancreatitis can be cost-effective. Moreover, serum lipase can also be a marker for assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis.

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The worldwide economy has been severely damaged by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The education system is not shielded from the harmful impacts of lockdown, especially in South Asia. Schools and institutions have been forced to close permanently as a result, and traditional classroom instruction is being quickly replaced by online learning. This study is topical in that it explores teachers’ perceptions of online instruction and the difficulties they face when doing so during the pandemic in light of recent developments. A search of electronic databases with a specific goal in mind to find literature; a quest for reliable summaries, various sources, including books, have detailed conceptual and theoretical studies, handbooks, and gray literature; we took a look at what social experts have been working to discover the parameters that allow challenges faced by teaching staff during virtual learning. A literature search was done systematically of various journal indexes such as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and others. The study’s findings demonstrate that, on average, teachers believe virtual education is a smart option for reducing the learning gap and shaping students’ futures during the crisis, during COVID-19. Despite this, they ran into a number of roadblocks and other issues. The educational institution’s management should provide sufficient training on learning software to teachers, allowing them to successfully instruct and lead students.

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Context: Wound healing and associated tissue regeneration process are significant to successful outcomes during periodontal therapy. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of the important promoting factors that facilitate cell migration and differentiation during this process. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of HA as a therapeutic bone regenerant in conjunction with scaling and root planing in the treatment of intra-osseous defects in chronic periodontitis patients. Settings and Design: The present study was planned as a randomized controlled trial on chronic periodontitis patients aged between 25 and 55 years comprising 120 sites with clinically confirmed intrabony pockets ≥5 mm. Materials and Methods: The patients were allocated to two groups using simple randomization process as Group A, wherein mechanical disruption of plaque biofilm was followed by placement of HA gel (HA gel) and Group B, wherein scaling and root planing alone were used as a treatment modality. The clinical parameters recorded at baseline and on follow-up visits after 4 and 6 weeks of the procedure included gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics 17 (Chicago, USA). A comparison of different parameters within the group was made using unpaired t-test, while a comparison between the groups was made using paired t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: On intragroup comparisons, for GI, there was seen a statistically significant decrease in the mean GI scores at different time intervals in both the groups (P < 0.001 for both Group A and Group B for baseline vs. 4^th week and baseline vs. 6^th week comparisons, while P = 0.04 for Group A and P = 0.008 for Group B for 4^th week vs. 6^th week comparisons). For PI, there was seen a statistically significant decrease in the mean PI values at different time intervals in Group A and B except from the 4^th- to 6^th-week interval. For PPD, there was seen a statistically significant decrease in the PPD at different time intervals in Group A (P < 0.001 for Group A for baseline vs. 4^th-week and baseline vs. 6^th-week comparisons, while P = 0.01 for 4^th week vs. 6^th-week comparison), though, for Group B, statistically significant only when compared from baseline versus 6^th week (P = 0.006). For CAL, the results were statistically significant in the baseline versus 4^th-week and baseline versus 6^th-week interval while insignificant in the 4^th-week to 6^th-week interval in Group A while on the contrary, the results were statistically significant only in the baseline to 6^th-week interval in Group B and insignificant in the baseline versus 4^th week and 4^th week to 6^th-week interval. On intergroup analysis, the results were statistically significant for all the parameters at the 4^th- and 6^th-week interval (P < 0.001), though, insignificant at baseline. Conclusion: HA gel in conjunction with scaling and root planing aided regeneration of bone in intraosseous defects in chronic periodontitis patients, leading to significant improvement in the clinical parameters recorded.

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Context: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used tools for imaging the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in patients with temporomandibular disorders, in particular, for assessing degenerative bony changes, disc position and configuration, and presence of effusion in joint spaces and bone marrow edema. Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate osseous changes in TMJs secondary to osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using CT. Settings and Design: The present study included 40 patients including 20 patients each with OA and RA, wherein the patients were selected from the outpatient department with known history of OA and RA. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients each with OA and RA were subjected to a detailed examination, routine radiography, and CT imaging of the TMJs, while images were evaluated for presence of osteophytes, flattening of articular surfaces, sclerosis, and narrowing of joint space. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) while Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed–rank test were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Flattening and narrowing of joint space were seen in both types of arthritides; however, a relatively higher percentage of such patients were seen in the RA group. Similarly, osteophytes, though, seen in both types of arthritides, were predominantly seen in patients with OA. Conclusions: OA and RA in TMJs are two most commonly seen conditions which can impair functional capacity of entire masticatory system. Their in-depth clinical and radiological evaluation is a must to assess disease activity. Similarly, CT is a valuable tool in assessing osseous abnormalities and should be used in cases wherein osseous involvement of TMJs is suspected.

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Lamellar ichthyosis (LI) is a rare genetic skin disorder that is present at birth, with an incidence of <1:300,000 in different parts of the world. However, there is little evidence of oral manifestations. Oral symptoms and oral rehabilitation of this condition are mostly unknown. This case report reiterates the need for proper dental diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up for a holistic approach. Here, we describe the oral manifestations and successful complete oral rehabilitation procedure performed in a 19-year-old female patient who had prediagnosed LI with skeletal class III jaw discrepancy due to maxillary deficiency.

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Context: Preeclampsia is a threat that affects globally, and more so in developing countries. It occurs in 5%–8% of pregnancies worldwide and is the second-most common cause of maternal and fetal death. Aims: To compare vascular changes in vessels of placental stem villi and terminal villi in the placenta in preeclampsia and compare that with placenta from normal pregnancy using special stain such as Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's stain. Settings and Design: A total of 120 placentas were included in the study. Sixty cases were from preeclampsia patients of which 20 were from severe preeclampsia and 40 from mild preeclampsia and 60 were gestational age matched controls. Subjects and Methods: Placental tissue was examined for gross and microscopic changes. Representative sections were also screened after staining with special stains such as Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's stain. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS 22, USA, was used for descriptive and analytical data. Chi-square was the test of significance. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Placenta from preeclampsia showed significantly low placental weight, less diameter, and thickness as compared to control. The stem villi showed thrombosis and medial hypertrophy. All the parameters were statistically significant when compared between the two groups, and these changes were related to the severity of preeclampsia. Conclusions: Vascular changes and products released may be the reason for the pathogenesis, clinical sequelae onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation, maternal inflammatory syndrome, and poor outcome in preeclampsia, which needed further study.

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Dental implants are one of the established treatment protocols to replace/restore lost teeth. The aim of the present case series was to evaluate the efficacy of strategic implants in regard to primary stability, quality of bone, and survival and clinical success in long term. The present case series included 26 patients in an age range of 40–70 years restored with strategic implants following immediate loading protocol. On follow-up, clinical assessment of implant stability was done by the absence of implant mobility and symptoms of pain and dysesthesia, while radiographically, immediate postoperative crestal bone level was compared with that observed on follow-up visits. Furthermore, the integration of apical and/or crestal threads of implants was assessed radiographically for any signs of radiolucency along with healing of sockets and crestal bone levels in relation to abutment margins.

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Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a long-term sleep disorder that presents with partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. It is one of the secondary causes and independent risk factors of hypertension (HTN). The study aimed to study and compare characteristics between patients with and without OSA among hypertensives. Materials and Methods: A total of 76 patients with systemic HTN attending a tertiary care hospital from January 2019 to September 2019 were included in the study. Clinical and demographic data were collected and recorded. For the patients with Epworth Sleepiness Scale score >10, limited polysomnography was done. Patients were diagnosed with and without OSA. Characteristics of all the patients were compared. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 59 years, 51.3% were females, 48.7% were males, and 63.8% had OSA. The average neck and waist circumference were significantly greater in patients with OSA than without (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively). The average spontaneous bacterial peritonitis among patients with OSA and without differed significantly (P = 0.023). The average random blood sugar among patients with OSA was significantly higher (P < 0.001). The average total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly higher in OSA patients (P < 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Although statistically insignificant, average high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were higher in OSA patients (P > 0.05). The presence of resistant HTN was significantly associated with OSA (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant association of OSA among patients with HTN. In addition, OSA was also linked with a higher frequency of other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Hence, patients with HTN should be screened for undiagnosed OSA, especially if HTN is not responding to multiple drugs adequately.

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Non-Hodgkins lymphoma involves lymph nodes which show a characteristic micronodular (reticulated) pathognomonic pattern on sonography. We are presenting sonography, Doppler, and strain elastography findings with pathological correlation in a 65-year-old patient with posterior neck lymphadenopathy.

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Introduction: A voluntary medical humanities (MH) module was offered at a Nepalese medical school in 2007. The present study was conducted to study the perspectives of participating faculty and the then students about the module and its perceived influence on their professional life. Methods: The faculty participants were interviewed online from February to May 2021 after obtaining written informed consent and ethical approval. Transcripts generated were shared with the participants. Mainly deductive method of thematic analysis was employed. The areas addressed were what in their opinion were the strengths of the module and the areas which may require improvement, the perceived impact of the module on their professional lives, and their opinion about teaching–learning of MH in Nepal and South Asia. Feedback from the student participants was obtained from December 2020 to February 2021 using an online questionnaire addressing similar areas. Results: Four faculty members and 12 students responded. The informal and relaxed atmosphere during the sessions and the use of role-plays, paintings, and literature excerpts were the strengths. Obtaining informed consent, supporting family caregivers, and modules for other health science students were recommended. The module provided a new perspective on teaching–learning, improved their skills of explaining topics to patients, and developed their team working skills. They wanted MH to be included in the undergraduate medical curriculum in Nepal. Certain role plays and paintings were still remembered. MH is becoming more important during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The faculty and students continue to have a positive perception of the module. The module was perceived to have influenced different aspects of their professional life.

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Background: Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) outbreaks are special-cause events having multiple factors involved in it. HAI outbreaks often reflect problems that are unique, urgent, unusual, or difficult to control. There are only a few case reports and case series of Leclercia adecarboxylata reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: The outbreak occurred in a 1000-bedded tertiary neurocare center. There was sudden isolation of an unusual organism from different samples such as tracheal secretion, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tip, pus, wound swab, urine, and blood. All the samples were processed according to the standard protocol and antibiotic susceptibility was carried out by Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All the isolates were subjected to VITEK-2 system for confirmation. The steps involved in outbreak investigation were (1) case definition, (2) case confirmation, (3) establishing the background rate of disease and finding cases, (4) identification of source, (5) control measures, (6) communicate findings, and (7) maintain surveillance. Results: The organism was identified as L. adecarboxylata. All the isolates were resistant only to ampicillin. However, two isolates isolated from the blood of the same patient were sensitive only to imipenem and colistin. The source could not be identified with extensive efforts; however, the outbreak was controlled with strict practice of hand hygiene and other aseptic precautions. On surveillance, there was no further isolation of the organism. Conclusion: As HAI outbreaks are multifactorial, there should be preparedness for hospital infection outbreaks in all the hospitals to prevent morbidity and mortality.

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Background: Maternal undernutrition is a major public health challenge in developing countries linked with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The study objective was to determine the prevalence of maternal undernutrition and assess the validity of the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) method for the detection of undernutrition in pregnant women. Methods: This secondary data analysis was based on the data collected from antenatal women irrespective of gestational age recruited at two clinic sites in government hospitals of Delhi, India from February to June 2020. Results: A total of 69 (5.3%), 426 (32.6), and 811 (62.1%) women in their first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively, were enrolled (n = 1306). The mean (SD) age of the participants was 24.9 (3.9) years. The prevalence of undernutrition considering MUAC <23 cm was 21.5% (95% CI: 19.3-23.8). On adjusted analysis, age <30 years, Hindu religion correlating with vegetarian diet and lower educational status were significantly associated with higher odds of maternal undernutrition. Diagnostic accuracy for detecting maternal undernutrition using MUAC with cutoff <23 cm and body mass index (BMI) of <18.5 kg/m² as the gold standard showed r = 0.36, P < 0.001 and kappa value, κ = 0.293, P < 0.001 indicating significant agreement. Maternal undernutrition was also a statistically significant predictor of low BMI, anemia, and low birth weight among newborn (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Nearly one in five pregnant women were undernourished in government health facilities in Delhi. Furthermore, the MUAC is a low-cost appropriate technology for identifying undernutrition among pregnant women and predictor of low-birth weight in the newborn in primary health-care settings.

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Context: Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are very commonly seen in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of hemodialysis (HD) on left ventricular mass (LVM) over a short period. Settings and Design: This study was a prospective observational study. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-five patients with ESRD, enrolled for HD from January 2018 to December 2019 at tertiary care hospital, were evaluated. All patients underwent two-dimensional echocardiography at the initiation of HD and 3 months later. Statistical Analysis Used: The software used in the analysis was SPSS 22.0 version and Graph Pad Prism 7.0 version. The paired t-test was used to analyze quantitative data. The Chi-square test was used for qualitative data. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. Results: The mean age of the cases was 44.92 ± 13.78 years. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter in diastole, interventricular septum diameter in diastole, and posterior wall diameter in diastole decreased significantly (3.36 mm, −1.40 mm, and − 1.24 mm, respectively, P = 0.001, S) at the end of 3 months. The LVM and LVM index (LVMI) decreased significantly (−57.25 g and − 32.48 g/m², respectively, P = 0.001, S) at the end of 3 months. At the end of 3 months, LVMI decreased significantly (148.24 ± 41.26 g/m² vs. 115.76 ± 34.24 g/m²) which correlates with the increase in hemoglobin (7.62 ± 1.63 gm/dl vs. 8.44 ± 0.81 gm/dl) (P = 0.004, S), with improvement in BP (systolic 141.28 ± 21.70 to 136.32 ± 13.87 & diastolic 86.16 ± 011.40 to 84.40 ± 8.36 mm of Hg) (P = 0.004, S) and with improvement in transferrin saturation (TSAT %) (30.05% ± 13.82% vs. 39.61% ± 14.32%) (P = 0.001, S). Conclusion: In patients with ESRD, cardiac dimensions were higher and LVM was increased at the initiation of HD. We found that LVMI regressed significantly with HD with optimum dry weight.

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Context: To facilitate a reliable rapid chairside blood glucose estimation to detect blood glucose levels in patients reporting for bleeding from the gums. Aim: This study aimed to assess the blood glucose level in gingival crevicular blood (GCB) using a glucometer and compare the values obtained from venous blood from the same patient. Settings and Design: A blind study of the cross-sectional population of patients visiting a tertiary health-care center. The sample size was estimated based on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population, using the following formula: n = (Z_α/2)² × pq/e². Subjects and Methods: The study involved collecting GCB and simultaneous collection of intravenous blood from every alternate patient with active bleeding on probing, till 110 samples were recorded. GCB was then analyzed with a handheld glucometer, and the intravenous blood was analyzed using Hexokinase method of estimation. Statistical Analysis Used: For statistical analysis, the data were gathered and coded in SPSS (IBM version 23). The frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were among the descriptive statistics. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated from the contingency table. The Pearson correlation test and independent t-test were among the inferential statistics. At a 95% confidence level, the significance level was established at 0.05. Results: Of 110 participants, 57 were male, and 53 were female. The sensitivity showed 89.2%, specificity was 91.8%, and positive predictive value stood at 84.6%, negative predictive value was 94.4%, and accuracy was 90.91%. When mean venous and GCB glucose levels were compared, it was 151.1727 ± 87.65695 mg/dL and 147.7455 ± 79.44064 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.762, > 0.05). Conclusions: Gingival blood glucose level estimation using a glucometer is an easy way to perform a minimally invasive procedure; it could support early diabetes identification in cases of atypical diabetic patients and enable physicians to improve the frequency of diabetes screening in dentistry offices. Despite not being a diabetic diagnostic test, such screening will play a crucial role as a clinical chairside test.

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Background: The recent bracket systems are passive self-ligating orthodontic appliance systems, which have been shown to have superior load transfer toward the fibers of periodontal ligament than the preadjusted edgewise (PEA) orthodontic appliance systems. Corticosteroids have been shown to affect bone turnover, therefore, it is crucial to know if they affect orthodontic tooth movement and cortical bone resorption in partially edentulous patients. Hence, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of corticosteroid therapy on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha during orthodontic tooth movement with PEA appliance and self-ligating technique and alveolar bone loss in partially edentulous patients. Materials and Methods: Ninety-two participants were included in the study. They were divided randomly into four different groups. Group A: PEA appliance, Group B: self-ligating appliance, Group C: partially edentulous patients, and Group D: healthy controls. The test groups were administered injections of corticosteroids, namely triamcinolone acetonide, intramuscularly in the preparation of 1 mg/kg/day each day for 7 days. Control group research participants received a placebo injection. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling was done with Gapadent #30 ISO Paper Points according to the Offenbacher et al. technique (1986). A human TNF-Quantikine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to quantify TNF-α contents in the samples. The GCF collection was performed using the same techniques at baseline, 1 h, 24 h, and 168 h after the bracket installation samplings. Results: Concentration of TNF-α decreased in all groups at 1 h and 7 days when compared with the baseline. When there was a comparison between the groups, then it was observed that TNF-α decreased in all three test groups compared to baseline. The decrease was more in the preadjusted appliance as compared with the self-ligating appliance. The decrease in the concentration of TNF-α was greater in the preadjusted appliance as compared with the self-ligating appliance showing that inflammatory reaction was more reduced in the preadjusted orthodontic appliance, and the tooth movement was affected more in such appliance after corticosteroid therapy. Conclusion: There was also a significant decrease in the concentration of TNF-α in partially edentulous subjects after corticosteroid therapy.

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Corona virus disease (COVID)-19 is a global threat. This pandemic has created a whole lot of problems in the entire globe. In addition to the typical bio-medical problems for which the entire scientific community is searching for solutions the pandemic has also created a plethora of social problems that the social scientists are grappling with to find out redressal measures. This pandemic has created problems in the realm of “gender” as a separate entity. Pandemics of such nature affects the men and women differently creating different biological, social, occupational and behavioral problems. Pandemics make the existing gender inequalities worse and strongly affects the care and support that the women and girls receive. Research evidences reveal that men are more strongly affected by COVOD-19 compared to women. Thus, it becomes utmost important that the gender perspectives of COVID-19 should be understood properly and proper institutional mechanisms should be in place to address gender equality while finding mitigating measures to curb the pandemic of COVID-19.

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) uses autologous plasma containing growth factors that help in wound healing. PRP is being used extensively and is under research for wound treatment. The efficacy of PRP in wound healing is mediated by enhanced cellular response through various mechanisms through activation of growth factors. The cell proliferation, migration, and matrix formation is enhanced and that helps in rapid wound healing.

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Energy like nuclear, atomic or radiation can be used for destructive or constructive purposes; the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) dedicated toward the constructive purpose of this valuable source of energy. The IAEA has specific roles as the international safeguard's inspectorate and as a multilateral channel for transferring peaceful applications of nuclear technology. In practical terms, the IAEA is also seen as having roles in connection with verification of nuclear-weapon-free zones and in the context of verifying ex-nuclear weapon material. The Agency works to expedite and expand the role of nuclear energy in promoting global peace, health, and wealth. It shall ensure, to the best of its ability, that any aid supplied by it, at its request, or under its supervision or control is not utilized to serve any military goal. Today, the wide application of radiation energy seems to be in the healthcare sector, industries, food, and agriculture. The constructive use of radiation or nuclear energy is benefiting the human population.

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Background: Myocardial infarction (MI), which is also called as heart attack, happens as a phenomenon due to reduced or no blood supply to a certain part of heart, leading to damaging heart musculature. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of aerobic exercise training in Phase II rehabilitation program of myocardial infarction (MI) patients, 40 MI subjects were randomly selected (n = 40), age ranging from 50 to 70 years. Materials and Methods: The subjects were prescribed an incremental aerobic exercise training program to be performed for 6 weeks with initial intensity on 50% maximum heart rate (HRmax); then, in Group B, we have asked the subjects to perform on 55% HRmax, then on 60% HRmax, and up to 75% of HRmax; then, at the end of 6 weeks, we have recorded the parameters again. Results: The data obtained were then analyzed using related t-test, and the results were found to be statistically significant (t = 0.300, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study shows that incremental aerobic exercise can significantly improve the performance of MI subjects in 6-min walk test distance.

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Background: Stress responses caused by noxious stimuli during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation can incite harmful effects, especially in neurosurgical patients. Among various drug regimens and techniques tried for obtunding such consequences, dexmedetomidine, an α-2 receptor agonist mediating its action through α-2A receptors located in locus coeruleus, inhibits noradrenaline release thus decreases such sympathetic activity. Aim and Objective: To evaluate the effect of a single preoperative dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg slow infusion on hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients randomized into two groups of 30 each of age range 20–60 years, the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical Status I and II posted for planned neurosurgical procedures, to receive dexmedetomidine (Group D): 1 μg/kg diluted with 0.9% saline to a total volume of 20 mL, control Group (C): 20 ml 0.9% normal saline, both infused intravenously over 10 min, 3 min before induction. Changes in heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and any side effect associated with the drug during the study of 20 min of intubation, were observed and statistically analyzed. Results: Insignificant difference (P > 0.05) in demographic criteria. In comparison to the baseline (BL) value, during laryngoscopy, a fall in mean HR by 12.1% in dexmedetomidine group and a rise of 28.39% in control group, reduction in mean systolic blood pressure value 11.40% in dexmedetomidine group, a rise by 19.50% in control group (P < 0.05), a fall in mean diastolic blood pressure by 11.19% in dexmedetomidine, in control group a rise of 16.97%, the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.0001), rise in the mean MAP value in the control group to 18.12% above the BL value but in Group D, it was reduced by 11.29% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Infusion of dexmedetomidine, in attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, is a safe and effective protective method.

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Introduction: Various modalities had been adopted by educational institutes, after declaration of pandemic of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. Students of higher education cannot be prevented for their right to education due to this severe pandemic and its fallout thereat. All the educators across the Globe started with some or other modality of online learning to keep the pace of teaching–learning activities including examination. School of allied health sciences also tried various modes of teaching. To evaluate this, an online survey was conducted to find out the usefulness and effectivity of this modality. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional which was conducted among students of the School of Allied Health Sciences, DMIMS, Wardha, during April–May 2021. The undergraduate and postgraduate students from first and second graduation years were randomly selected and all 200 students were approached through WhatsApp group after Institutional Ethics Committee approval. The responses received, were collated and analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics. Results: Out of 200 students, 186 had responded to survey questionnaire with response rate of 93%. For communication regarding time table, examination schedule, or interactions or participation, the mean percentage for accepting was 66.9%. However, their satisfaction with online mode was 40.89% only. Perception of helpfulness related to learning or flexibility was about 52%. Conclusions: Although some of the students had good perception for online teaching–learning assessment modalities, some of them did not agree for it and they wanted face-to-face teaching. This may be attributed to Internet connectivity issue or residing at rural places where specified bandwidth was not available.

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Background: Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease. It occurs due to inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting tissues by subgingival microbiota. Cytokines have major role in the initiation, progression and the host modulation of periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary levels of IL-12 in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis participants before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 participants having gingivitis and chronic periodontitis were included in the study. The clinical parameters included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The level of IL-12 in salivary fluid was measured by ELISA kit at baseline and at 1 month followed by scaling and root planing. The statistical analysis was performed by using Paired and Unpaired t-tests. Results: After scaling and root planing, all the clinical parameters showed statistically significant improvement in both gingivitis and periodontitis group except plaque index but in comparison, periodontitis group showed more improvement than gingivitis group. IL-12 levels increased in both the patients with gingivitis and periodontitis after scaling and root planing but the intragroup comparison was statistically non significant. On intergroup comparison, increase in the IL-12 level was statistically significant for periodontitis group as compared to the gingivitis group. Conclusion: Nonsurgical therapy resulted in a significant improvement in periodontal indices and a marked increase in IL-12 levels.

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Background: Comprehensive health care can be achieved by including dental care in all health service programs. Gynecologists and pediatricians establish the relationship with expectant mothers and infants earlier than dentist. They represent a trustworthy source of preventive information and play an important guiding role in developing positive dental attitudes. Objective: The objective of this study was designed to assess the attitude and awareness of gynecologists and pediatricians toward oral health care of mothers and children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 gynecologists and pediatricians. A study-specific questionnaire designed according to specialty was used. The questionnaire pertained to both maternal and infant/child oral health care and included questions on prenatal counseling, feeding practices, dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, and importance of primary teeth. Results: The majority of the gynecologists and pediatricians had good knowledge regarding oral health of expectant mothers, infants, and children. Conclusion: Oral health is an integral part of overall health. Promoting pediatric dentistry through gynecologists and pediatricians can conceptualize the model of “healthy mother and smiling child.”

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Background: Usually, communicable/infectious diseases pose a public health problem as epidemic or endemic diseases, but sometimes noncommunicable diseases can create acute or chronic health hazards. One such example is choristoma. Choristoma/heterotropia (Ht)/ectopia refers to normal tissue at an abnormal location having no neural or vascular or direct connection with the orthotropic tissue. Often, they are asymptomatic and are inconsequential hence need no specific treatment. However, it can become symptomatic when they are larger in size causing dreaded surgical emergencies. Aims and Objectives: To analyze clinicoradiological and histopathological picture of different types of choristoma/Hts with its treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective study of nine different kinds of Ht cases (n) were keenly reviewed during 2 years' period along with all demographic and radiologic data, treatment history, and follow-up history. Histopathology was supplemented by special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Out of nine cases, four were female, five male, and three children. The types of Ht were sebaceous, gastric, pancreatic, adrenocortical, and glial ectopic tissues located in different sites such as nasal cavity (n = 1), esophagus (n = 2), duodenum (n = 2), Meckel's diverticulum (n = 3), and testis (n = 1). Histopathology of each type was reviewed extensively with most recent literature studies and was supplemented by special stains (periodic acid–Schiff [PAS], PAS-D, AL-PAS, Masson's trichrome) and IHC (glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100, CK7, synaptophysin, chromogranin). Conclusion: Ht can occur in any part of the body and can be of any tissue origin; only high index suspicion of such an entity followed by histopathological confirmation can lead to subsequent definitive management.

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Objectives: To evaluate cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with fast spin echo MRI. ii) To evaluate cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with Diffusion Weighted MRI & estimate its ADC value. iii) To compare the findings of cervical lymph nodes in OSCC with diffusion-weighted MRI, ADC mapping and fast spin echo MRI with histopathology. Methods: The study was conducted on 25 histopathologically proven OSCC patients. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes were assessed by Fast spin echo MRI and diffusion weighted MRI. Cervical lymph nodal status in OSCC regarding whether it is benign or malignant was evaluated by diffusion-weighted MRI, ADC mapping and Fast Spin Echo MRI characteristics. These values were compared on post operative histopathology for lymph nodal metastasis. Results: By fast spin echo MRI: Number of true-positive was 05 (4.23%). Number of false-positive was 05(4.23%). Sensitivity was 32.25%. Specificity was 95.10%. Accuracy was 50% positive predictive value (PPV) was 50%. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 86.44%. By DWI MRI: Number of true-positive was 12 (10.16%). Number of false-positive was 12 (10.16%). Sensitivity was 75%. Specificity was 88.24%. Accuracy was 96.69%. PPV was 50%. NPV was 86.44%. Conclusions: DW imaging performed with ADC values showed higher accuracy than fast spin-echo MRI and can provide added value in cervical nodal metastases in OSCC.

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Introduction: Temporal bone fractures in adults are invariably due to motor vehicle accidents or road traffic accidents. Hearing loss is a common complaint following temporal bone fractures, but attention to it is frequently overlooked as there may be other life-threatening complications associated with it that may require immediate attention of the caregiver. Immediate detection of temporal bone fracture and its complications helps in providing early and effective treatment. Aim: The main objective of our study is to observe various types of fractures on multidetector computed tomography (CT), difference between various types, and classification of fractures of temporal bone with correlation between types of fracture and clinical hearing loss. Methods: Two-year (2019–2021) prospective study of head injured patients with temporal bone fracture presented to the Department of Radio-diagnosis (AVBRH, DMIMS, Wardha) with complaints of hearing loss was subjected for study. Temporal bone fracture patients satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria having hearing loss were evaluated audiologically after a gap of 3 months following the initial injury once the patient was stable. Age and gender distribution, cause of injury, radiological findings, and clinical presentations were analyzed. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel data sheet and were analyzed using SPSS 22 version software. Results: Out of 173 patients having hearing loss with temporal bone fracture, majority of the patients were male (84.97%) and were between 20 and 39 years (46.24%) with a mean age of 41 years. The major cause of injury was motor vehicle accidents (84.39%). The right side was involved (49.1%) more than the left side (46.0%). Longitudinal type fracture was most frequent (64.74%). Otic capsule involvement was present in 9.25%. Conductive hearing loss was more common in otic capsule sparing and sensorineural hearing loss was more common in otic capsule-involved fractures. Otic capsule sparing was more common in (95.54%) longitudinal type of fracture. Otic capsule violation was more common in (26.09%) transverse type of fracture. Conclusion: This study suggests that image analysis of high-resolution CT can be used in fracture of temporal bone either to detect the hearing loss or to know the type and classify the fracture or to find the correlation between the types of fracture and clinical hearing loss.

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Introduction: This observational study was done to study the patients having metabolic syndrome with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was done which included all the patients having COPD by convenience sampling presented at the Respiratory Medicine Department in Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, India, from November 2021 to January 2022. The patients having metabolic syndrome as per definition were studied, and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Observation and Results: A total of 124 patients were studied in total out of which 40 patients had metabolic syndrome. Out of 124 patients studied, 70 were females and 54 were males. Almost half of the patients were above 70 years of age and above. Out of 40 patients having metabolic syndrome, 18 were females and 22 were males. Conclusion: The study concluded that metabolic syndrome was present in a significant population of COPD; hence, with appropriate interventions, the morbidity and mortality of COPD may be reduced by reducing the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.

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The pathologies of the male breast are often ignored due to its nonfunctional nature. A wide variety of benign and malignant conditions are seen in the male breast. The palpable abnormalities of the male breast must be particularly addressed so that accurate characterization and diagnosis can be made. We are presenting a case of bronchogenic carcinoma presenting with unilateral gynecomastia. Ultrasonography, mammography, and elastography imaging are described.

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Dimensional changes to the alveolar ridge are inexorable following tooth extraction. To avoid this hard-tissue loss, alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) soon after extraction needs to be done. However, despite taking precautions to prevent the ridge loss, some cases might require ridge and sinus augmentation procedures for dental implant placement subsequent to tooth extraction. The present case report briefs on management of extraction site by ARP and indirect sinus lifting by osteotome sinus floor elevation approach, for dental implant placement.

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Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide. Antigen point-of-care tests are needed to help speed up the testing of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay to the SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Materials and Methods: COVID-19 infection suspected patients and contact individuals provided 185 respiratory samples (mostly nasopharyngeal and throat swabs) during the study from April to June 2021. The rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection test was compared to the real-time RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens. Results: By real-time RT-PCR testing, 80 (43.2%) of 185 respiratory samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, while 105 (56.8%) were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of the fast SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection test were 63.1% and 90.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of the fast assay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection were comparable to those of the real-time RT-PCR assay. As a result, the rapid and easy SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection test could be used as a screening assay.

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Background: The WHO declared COVID-19 infection as a pandemic in March 2020 due to high infectivity and wide information is freely available regarding precautionary measures. Every sector of the society must follow the preventive steps in the absence of proper drugs or vaccines. There is a need to assess the awareness level and precautionary measures adopted by the different sectors of the society. Hence, we planned this comparative study among students of health and engineering professionals. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical and engineering students from one of the respective college of Wardha district (July–September 2020). Second class randomly selected and all students, i.e., 200 from each faculty were involved. Questionnaire was prepared by referring guidelines of the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for preventive measures toward COVID-19 pandemic, shared by internet and Chi-square test applied. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight medical and 176 engineering students responded (response rate-89%). Significantly high numbers of medical students (84%) were well aware with various modes of infection spread than engineering (40%–68%) (P = 0.0001). Seventy-four percent engineering as compared to 53% medical students recognized >3 feet as safe social distance (P = 0.01) and sincerely maintained by engineering students (69.32%) more often than medical (55.6%) (P = 0.01); whereas wearing mask for outdoor activity was practiced more frequently by medical (76.97%) than engineering (52.84%) (P = 0.0001). About 29% both group students never moved out from home. 50% medical and 37% engineering students were moved out occasionally before survey and mostly for purchasing daily needs. Conclusion: Overall, there is gap in complete chain of knowledge about novel coronavirus among both the groups. There is a significant difference in awareness and practices adopted by both professional students toward COVID-19 pandemic. High awareness and safe practices may be expected for medical background, but contrast findings for some markers were observed. The mode of IEC should be robust, more modified, or innovative.

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Background: Noncommunicable diseases NCDs are considered to be the leading cause of death worldwide. These are the cause for almost 85% of premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Materials and Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 125 randomly selected people ≥18 years in the urban slum area which is the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, KIMS, Karad, Maharashtra, India. The World Health Organization developed STEPwise approach for the surveillance of NCDs and its risk factors were used. STEP 1 (behavioral risk factors), STEP 2 (physical measurements), and STEP 3 (biochemical measurements) were included in our study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of behavioral risk factors such as smoking was 11.2% among males, smokeless tobacco use was 29.6% among females, alcohol use was 16.8% among males, sedentary lifestyle was 16.8% among the age of 26–45 years, ≥5 fruit and vegetable servings/day was consumed by only 4%. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was 36%, 11.2%, 37.6%, and 31.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Various NCD risk factors assessed from our study showed high prevalence among urban slum population. Surveillance of risk factors and adequate awareness among urban slum population is essential to prevent spread of NCDs.

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Background: Potentially malignant disorders in oral mucosa represent the morphological steps of epithelial transformation in the form of various grades of dysplasia. Only few cases of dysplasia evolve into carcinoma, and there is no specific markers invented which can predict the probability of progression. Oral carcinogenesis is a multistage course which constitutes a sequence of molecular events resulting in cell cycle dysregulation. p53 is the most commonly affected tumor suppressor gene. p53 mutation leads to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells as well as increased p53 protein. p53 overexpression has been suggested to be consistent indicator for the development of oral cancer. The objective of this study is to investigate p53 immunohistochemical expression in various grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (ED) and to estimate the correlations between their expression levels in various grades of dysplasia. Materials and Methods: This study is done at the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SPDC, Wardha. Total four groups were taken. Ten patients each of mild, moderate, and severe ED, i.e., total-30 patients and 10 control patients. The sample size required for the group was calculated by using the required formula. p53-positive cells were counted in 5 high power field (HPF) in all grades of ED and labeling index was measured. Results: Analysis of variance test was applied to see the differences in the p53 expression.

• It was found that-

1. LI increases with the increasing grades of ED
2. P53 expression observed in 5 HPF in all grades of ED yields this expression only in basal cell layer in normal oral mucosa, basal and parabasal cell layers in mild ED and basal, parabasal and suprabasal layers in moderate and severe grades of ED in focal areas.

Conclusion: The increase in the p53 expression in epithelium correlates to various grades of EDs.

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