Background: With the increasing number of individuals affected with diabetes and the significant health-care costs of treatment, the emphasis on prevention is key to controlling the health burden of this disease. Several genetic and genomic studies have identified genetic variants associated with increased risk to diabetes. As a result, commercial testing is available to predict an individual's genetic risk. Although the clinical benefits of testing have not yet been demonstrated, it is worth considering some of the ethical implications of testing for this common chronic disease. Objectives: The objective of this study was to see the attitude of people regarding predictive testing for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 100 patients belonging to Sindhi community. Ethical approval was sought from the institutional ethical committee. Nondiabetic persons more than 40 years of age were included in the study. Patients were asked for their willingness for predictive genetic testing for T2DM, parental history of diabetes mellitus (DM), and certain questions related to the test, such as financial problems, communicating the risk to family and friends, and behavioral change in case of positive or negative test. Results: Majority of the patients were not willing for predictive genetic testing, though they were ready to get sugar testing done to know whether they really had DM. Twenty percent of the patients had a positive family history of DM. Patients said that a positive result of predictive testing would cause undue stress, and also affect the lifestyle of the patient as well as the entire family. As regards appropriate age for testing, patients opined that it would be better if it is done in childhood so that care could be taken for prevention, though the possibility of stigmatization or discrimination could not be ruled out. Conclusion: In general, the attitude of the study patients was negative with regard to the test, which was reflected from doubt regarding the necessity of the test, and risk of discrimination or stigmatization in case of a positive test. As new predictive genetic tests for common, complex diseases such as T2DM are developed and commercialized, it will be critical to the safe and appropriate use of these new applications to consider the potential ethical implications they raise and steps to prevent or ameliorate harms.

Background: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a serious problem for the millions of people who spend hours in front of a computer. In modern lifestyle, every person is getting affected to the radiations caused by video display terminals, computer, television, and CFL lamp, mobile etc. The catastrophic effect of CVS has resulted in low performance and extreme discomfort to the sufferer. Being a disease of modern era,”it is difficult to get the nearest resembling disease in Ayurveda, but relief can be obtained by following Dinacharya, Rutucharya and basic principles of Ayurveda . So this study includes Eye exercise, Triphala kwath Eye Wash and distilled water eyewash. Aims & Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of Eye exercise Triphala Kwath eyewash and instillation of distilled water in the management of CVS and To provide easily available, efficient, and cheaper medicine. Materials and Methods:The total sample size was 80. Each group consist of 40 sample size. Group I treated with eye exercise and Triphala Kwath eyewash and Group II treated with eye exercise and distilled water eyewash. Clinical Eye Examination done before treatment (D0), Follow up every 7th day upto 42 days .The effect of intervention was assure. Result:The results of the study revealed average 55% relief for group I for most of the subjective criteria and objective criteria. Conclusion:Eye exercise and Triphala Kwath eyewash is more significant than eye exercise and instillation of distilled water.

Aim:This study aims to evaluate vocal and music in preventing pain in newborn babies. Objectives: 1) to use NIPS score while BCG immunisation. 2) to use above score while using vocal and Instrumental music during BCG Immunisation. 3) to compare above scores. Place -post natal ward of AVBRH Subjects- normal term new born. Inclusion criteria- All newborns in postnatal ward. Exclusion criteria-preterm and sick babies. Methods:Total of 50 patients werestudied.they all were scored using Nips score before immunisation. First group was scored without any intervention. 2^nd group with vocal and 3^rd with instrumental music during immunisation .the scores were compared music therapy was found to be useful in reducing pain. Conclusion: Music therapy was found to be useful for reducing pain in newborns.

Background: Thyroid disorders are among those chronic health conditions that are highly underdiagnosed and neglected. Hypothyroidism is by far the most common thyroid disorder in the adult population and is more common in older women. Thyroid hormone deficiency can result in mental retardation, stillbirths, and congenital anomalies, and this hypothyroidism can contribute to morbidities ranging from osteoporosis to cardiovascular and neuropsychiatry diseases in the population. The present study was conducted due to the paucity of data regarding the prevalence and patterns of thyroid disorders among women in and around Wardha district. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving a sample size of 40 female participants admitted to Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, located at Wardha district in Maharashtra from June to August 2018, who were asked to respond to a Thyroid Assessment Questionnaire. The participants were categorized as euthyroid (normal thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]), hypothyroid (high TSH), and hyperthyroid (low TSH) based on serum thyroid hormone levels. Data were entered into MS Excel and were analyzed for the descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 40 female participants in the age range of 18–70 years, 35% had a hypothyroid gland, 30% had a hyperthyroid gland, 27.5% presented with thyroid nodules, and the remaining 7.5% presented with thyroid cancer. According to the laboratory results, 37.5% of the patients had TSH levels above or equal to 5 uIU/ml, of which 86% complained of unusual hair loss, 73% felt fatigued and had poor concentration, 46% claimed that they experienced palpitations as well as felt depressed, 46% complained of unusual weight gain, 26% complained of dry skin, 13% complained of feeling restless, and 6% had complaints of loose stools. About 30% of the total participants had TSH levels below or equal to 0.25 uIU/ml, 83% of which had complaints of weight loss and heat intolerance, 75% had complaints of unusual hair loss, 41% stated that they experienced slept more than usual, and 35% had complaints of constipation. Conclusion: The major thyroid burden is in between the ages of 30–59, with hypothyroidism being most common.

Human beings are using herbal and herbomineral drugs since ancient era. Majority of the herbomineral medicines and formulations are used in different disciplines of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. According to the WHO, about 25% of modern medicines are descended from plant sources first used traditionally. Furthermore, 70% of modern medicines in India are derived from natural products. Developing countries fail to create a major contribution in the international market of herbal medicine, due to lack of global standards for evaluating efficacy, toxicity study, and quality control of the herbal preparations. This creates a need to standardize the evaluation protocols, including quality control and quality assurance of the herbal and herbomineral drugs. Formation of standard operational protocols for evaluation of herbal and herbomineral drugs will have a great impact on manufacturing of highly potent and universally acceptable herbal medicines. This will not only help in generating revenue for the developing countries, but also in creating reliability in the herbomineral preparations, across the world. This article intends to focus various ethical issues faced by researchers in Ayurveda and suggest a unique approach for the preparation of standard operating procedures for the standardization of all herbomineral formulations. Factors contributing to problems related to research on herbal medicines can be summarized as use of improper dosages of herbal medicines, lack of standardization and quality control of the herbal drugs, improper methods of randomization, insufficient number of patients for the gaining statistical significance, problems in making placebos because of the taste and smell, and wide variations in the crude drugs collected from different area, season, etc. Formation and adoption of universal guidelines for the research on ayurvedic drugs is a need of time. All the drugs administered during the research must go through pharmacovigilance, and the database must be updated regarding the same. All the analytical tests applied to the formulations should be gold standard. All herbal preparations should be manufactured and marketed under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. The herbal formulations as well as treatments containing oral and local procedures, which are not standardized, should follow the universally accepted WHO guidelines for research. The clinical trials on ayurvedic drugs must be strictly registered under Clinical Trials Registry – India, even for the researchers at the level of graduation and postgraduation education. The data obtained through these studies must be documented and published in the pharmacopeia.

The second most common disease in India responsible for maximum mortality is cancer, with an incidence of about 0.3 million deaths per year. Although there are good diagnostic methods and treatment, cancer is still a big risk to our society. Ayurveda is the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine in India, as it is add-on to conventional cancer care. Now, this is need of the hour to make collaboration between Ayurveda and modern physicians with mutual trust in the management of cancer. In various meetings, standard treatment protocols have been set, and integrative oncology programs have been initiated in a few institutes across India. But still, there are some ethical issues regarding this integrative oncology. Today is the era of evidence-based medicine, and we are lacking in generating evidence of the benefits of Ayurveda intervention. Also, there is a deficit of publications in systematic reviews of prior research studies, exploring the safety and efficacy of Ayurveda in the management of cancer, ensuring comprehensive clinical documentation based on categorization of patients. We have enough knowledge about the mode of action of herbal as well as modern drugs, but we are not aware of herb–modern drug interaction. Hence, herb–modern drug interaction studies and chemosensitivity studies, based on both laboratory research and clinical observations, should be conducted. Acknowledgment of the medicolegal and ethical issues involved in integrative oncology and developing strategies for clinical practice and research should be made. Making available insurance coverage for integrative oncology care, keeping in mind the aim of universal health coverage, will facilitate more number of patients toward integrative management for cancer. Through appropriate cooperation with modern medicine, Ayurveda can make substantial contributions for the advances of integrative oncology. This can discover the specific health challenges and open up new opportunities for the development of integrative Ayurveda oncology in the world.

Prescribing Ayurvedic herbs as a medicine for the majority of the ailments is increasing throughout the globe. It is matter of concern that Ayurveda physicians without doing thorough examination of patients as advised by Ayurveda seers are writing lengthy prescriptions, which sometimes leads to severe threats, which is considered unethical according to contemporary rules. In the present study, literature search was done in various Samhitas indicating ethics for prescribing Ayurveda medicines for patients. Ayurveda seers suggested various diagnostic tools before arriving at any diagnosis. They emphasized that an ideal drug or treatment is the one which does not lead to any side effects, while curing a disease. Great caution is warranted while prescribing medicines in children, elderly, and pregnant ladies, and it has been suggested to prescribe disease-specific drugs in limited number of combinations in proper doses with proper adjuvants. Seers also advised that dietary factors, certain habits, and lifestyle factors need to be taken into account while prescription writing.

The medical laboratory professionals are answerable to the ethical codes of their profession. Patient's welfare is paramount in health-care ethics. This principle applies to laboratory medicine as well. The laboratory should treat all patients fairly and without discrimination. Ethics in laboratory medicine commences from the collection of information for proper recognition of patients and specimens. Ethical principles continue during specimen collection, performance of tests, and reporting of the results. Consent can be implied for most laboratory procedures when the patient produces him or herself at a laboratory with a request form and readily agrees to the routine collecting procedures. The laboratory shall always use test procedures, which meet the applicable standards. The results of laboratory examinations are confidential unless disclosure is authorized. The results will normally be reported to the requesting physician and may be reported to other parties with the patient's consent or as required by law. Ethical guidelines should also be followed during storage and retention of medical records. Test results must never be altered or corrected, except by properly authorized persons in accordance with established procedures. Facilities shall provide a suitable environment to prevent damage, deterioration, loss, or unauthorized access. Patients, profession and colleagues, and society are the three main groups toward which medical laboratories owe their responsibility. Ethics in laboratory medicine have to be practically followed as a moral responsibility of all the laboratory staff, rather than being recorded in an operating manual. This requires the medical laboratory professionals to realize their duties and have a conscientious attitude toward their work.

Medical Ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in medical practice. Bioethics deals with ethical issues in health profession, medicine and science. Bioethics and its application are practiced from ancient period. The awareness of ethics helps health professionals to recognize difficult conditions and to deal with them in a proper way. The main aim was to study the concepts of ethics given in classics of Ayurveda as well as in conventional medicine. By reviewing the literature of Ayurveda and conventional medicine. There are four basic principles of bioethics namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice which are known as “Principlism”. Originally, Ayurveda has advocated an ethical code of conduct in various aspects. This paper mainly focus on studying universally accepted principles of bioethics along with bioethics described in Ayurveda. It was observed that Ethical code of conduct is elaborately and very clearly defined and described in classics of Ayurveda in the form of Sadvritta, Chatushpada, Yogya, Vaidyavritti, Aachara Rasayana, Nidanparivarjana and Pathyapathya. Hence, Ayurveda should be considered as a pioneer in setting up the basics of bioethics. Medical ethics is a fundamental part of Ayurveda and its inclusion in medical teaching and in day to day practice will definitely pave way to excellent results.