Background: Deep vein thrombosis is one of the most common condition affecting adults worldwide. The condition is characterized by the presence of blood clots in the veins. The clots commonly develop in the lower limb veins. Deep vein thrombosis is the most common complication after any lower limb surgery and is a prominent complication post-orthopaedic surgery in individuals of any age due to failure of the valves. Aim and Objectives: The aim of our study is to assess the risk factors following lower limb surgery. Methodology: The individuals who fulfill the inclusion criteria were tested using ultrasonography and duplex color Doppler unit examination at 7.5 MHz and 10 MHz using high frequency probes to assess the presence of thrombus in the deep veins of the individuals who have undergone the surgeries. The assessment was recorded on the assessment sheet and analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and the results were drawn. Results: In this study, the individuals were mostly from the age group 59–68 years and a total of 202 patients were included. 136 patients are diagnosed as suffering from DVT following orthopedic surgery. Conclusion: We conclude that the occurrence of DVT after lower limb surgery depends on various factors such as the duration of surgery, the period of immobilization, prior history of DVT and post-operative stay, and various other factors such as age and gender. We found that extramedullary implants have a relative risk of 2.93. Additionally, we also concluded that clinical signs and symptoms are not reliable measures to identify incidence of DVT.

Background: Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), a method of workplace-based assessment helps the students to shape their learning. DOPS requires direct observation and assessment of students while performing in a real-life setting using a structured checklist with constructive feedback for improvement. Most of the medical institutes in India still assess the students on the basis of traditional methods, where theoretical knowledge is mainly assessed as a summative assessment. This study was conducted to bridge this gap by introducing DOPS as a formative assessment tool for PG students in obstetrics and gynecology and to explore the perspectives of faculty and students for DOPS as a formative assessment tool. Materials and Methods: In the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary care teaching institute in Central India, this prospective interventional research was conducted for a period of 1 year. Eighteen 2^nd year and final year postgraduate students and nine faculty from the obstetrics and gynecology specialty were identified for inclusion in this study using convenient sampling. IEC approval (NKPSIMS and RC and LMH/IEC/09/2021) and informed consent were taken. Postgraduate students were assessed for 5 procedures using a validated structured checklist: (1) per speculum and per vaginal examination, (2) Pap's smear collection, (3) conduction of artificial rupture of membrane, (4) introduction of intrauterine contraceptive device, and (5) episiotomy repair. Feedback after assessment was given by the faculty. There were 3 DOPS assessment sessions for each procedure. Perception of students and faculty was collected using a prevalidated questionnaire using 3-point Linkert's scale. Descriptive statistics of response was considered to calculate percentages. Using thematic analysis, the responses of open-ended questions were analyzed based on the quantitative data form. Results: Perception of students were positive as effective teaching learning tool (94%), skill improvement (100%), constructive feedback (100%), time provided for feedback (100%), confidence gain (100%), assessment in nonthreatening environment (100%), motivation (94%), Faculty responded positively regarding improved attitude toward teaching (100%), in depth assessment of skill (78%), useful teaching learning tool (100%), improves student–teacher relationship (78%), identifies developmental needs of student (100%). Themes identified were DOPS provide more systematic learning, personal attention to each student, better understanding, learn proper steps of procedure, one on one interactive method of learning, improvement of clinical skills, and more confident. Challenges perceived by students were time constraint and person who grades is not the same teacher and by faculty were more time and dedication needed and more paper work is required. Conclusion: DOPS was considered as an effective teaching learning and assessment tool and can be incorporated as a formative assessment tool during residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGY) by both faculty and students. Time for assessment is a challenge considered by Faculty as well as by students.

Background: Menstrual hygiene is influenced by various factors including the products used by women during the cycle. The up-to-date and recent products like menstrual cups and tampons make women more comfortable during the day. The study aimed to assess the perception of usage and awareness of women in the reproductive age group regarding nonconventional menstrual hygiene products such as tampons and cups. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study done among 525 subjects belonging to reproductive age group. The data was collected through questionnaires circulated in the form of Google forms. The questionnaire contained general socio-demographic details, menstrual history details, and the details regarding the usage of sanitary pads its difficulties and the use of menstrual cups or tampons and its advantages. The data were analyzed using various appropriate statistical tests. Results: Among the study subjects, 445 (84.8%) are aware that menstrual cups or tampons are present as an alternative to sanitary pads. In this study, 489 (93.1%) have never tried tampons or menstrual cups during menstrual cycles. The most common reason for not trying menstrual cups or tampons among these subjects is as follows: afraid to insert foreign body 190 (38.9%). The study showed that 489 (93.15%), 13 (2.5%), and 23 (4.4%) subjects were currently using sanitary pads, tampons, and menstrual cups respectively. Conclusion: The study showed that the use of nonconventional sanitary products like menstrual cups or tampons was less among the study group even with high awareness. The need of right path about the appropriate and fitting menstrual hygiene product for the generation is portrayed.

Background: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of oral cavity. It remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. The mortality rate of OSCC is higher in developing nations. OSCC is predominant in region where the consumption of tobacco and alcohol is high. The mortality of OSCC of tongue is higher as compared to other sites. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8^th edition has incorporated depth of invasion (DOI) into T staging. Histopathological assessment by measuring DOI enables us the insight about the extent of invasion by neoplastic cells. Aim and Objectives: To assess the significance of DOI in the prognosis by corelating with the clinicopathological features of OSCC of tongue. Materials and Methods: Surgically operated cases of OSCC of tongue from year 2009 to 2015 in this institute was retrieved from the archival of the department. The patient cohort was categorized into two, DOI ≤ 4mm and with >4mm. Results: We observed statistically significant correlation between clinical TNM stage and DOI > 4mm (P = 0.0015); histopatholgical grading and DOI > 4mm (P = 0.002); metastasis by cervical lymph node (LNM) and DOI > 4mm (P = 0.041). Conclusion: We observed statistically significant correlation of DOI with TNM staging, histopathological grading and LNM. This prognostic factor will help the clinician for treatment management protocol.

Background: Regular toothbrushing is an important step that removes plaque which is the common risk factor for both periodontitis and dental caries. Commonly prescribed time of brushing by dental professionals is 2 min, despite of which, the average time spent for brushing by the general population is 45 s. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between different brushing times from 30 to 180 s, and plaque removal using conventional brushing techniques in the general population. Materials and Methods: Forty participants were included in the study. Study participants brushed for 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 s randomly. Plaque levels at baseline and after brushing for a specific time period were assessed using the Turesky-modified Quigley–Hein plaque index and a disclosing agent. Results: Plaque removal increased with increased brushing time with maximum removal at 180 s. Conclusions: Dental professionals during health education sessions should highlight the importance of brushing for more than 3 min to achieve maximum plaque removal.

Background: Being hospitalized, every individual may experience a wide range of short-term or long-term consequences. Hospitalization is not only physical stress, but there are other factors that negatively affect a patient's psychology. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of bibliotherapy in stress reduction among 9–12 years aged hospitalized children. Materials and Methods: In the research, preexperimental research approach and one group pretest–posttest research design were applied. The study was conducted at Umaid Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, among 60 hospitalized children. A nonprobability purposive sampling technique was applied for sample selection. Results: The mean posttest stress score (15.35) was less than the mean pretest stress score (24.82). The findings highlighted that bibliotherapy was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) in the reduction of stress of hospitalized children. In terms of association, only the education of children was associated with the stress levels of the children. Conclusion: The findings of the research concluded that bibliotherapy is an effective intervention in stress reduction among hospitalized children. The administrators may utilize this cost-effective intervention in clinical settings for declining stress among children and the adult population.

Objectives: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder (PMD) which has one of the highest rates of malignant transformation (MT) rate. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of MT of OSMF and to analyze the possible contributory factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, habits, various signs and symptoms, and presence of other oral PMDs in a group of OSMF patients attending the Oral Medicine Department. Materials and Methods: Out of 25,200 patients who visited the Outpatient Department of School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, from January 2017 to December 2020, 1342 (5.3%) were diagnosed with OSMF and comprised the study sample, in which 1300 (96.87%) were male and 42 (3.12) were female. All the patients were subjected to incisional biopsy, and clinical diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically. Results: The prevalence of OSMF was 5.3% with male predominance, and majority of OSMF patients were in the age group of 21–30 years. Betel chewer's mucosa and leukoplakia was the most associated lesion. Out of total 1300 male and 42 female OSMF patients, 897 (69%) and 17 (40.47%) showed epithelial dysplasia, and 61 (4.69%) male and 1 (2.38%) female patients showed signs of MT, respectively. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of certain risk factors for OSMF that are associated with an increased chance of MT. There is an urgent need of awareness programs through public–private partnership.

Background: The involvement of genes in migraine pain is identified by several studies. Many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed the presence of particular variants in different migraine populations worldwide. Objective: This study aims in analyzing the presence of 3 GWAS variants (rs2651899 [PRDM16], rs11172113 [LRP1], and rs10166942 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 8 [TRPM8]) in the Indian episodic migraineurs. Methodology: Enrolled 200 age- and gender-matched patients and control volunteers; collected blood samples to isolate DNA to check the presence of chosen variants in them. The results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The rs10166942 (TRPM8) variant is observed in 1.5% of control, 15.88% of migraine with aura, and 5.37% of migraine without aura subjects with the highly significant P < 0.0008. The other two variants are absent in the chosen sample group. Conclusion: We reported the presence of rs10166942 in the Indian episodic migraineurs and we recommend pathway analysis for confirming its association with the migraine pain progression.

Background: The purpose of the study is to illustrate the preferential levels of e-learning and to highlight the effect of e-learning in comparison to the traditional method of learning among students to ultimately improve academic performance. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the expectations and effects of e-learning on the dental education among students and staff members at a private dental college of Wardha district, Maharashtra. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 499 students to assess the perception of undergraduate students, interns, and faculty members of a private dental college of Wardha district, Maharashtra, on the impact of e-learning on the understanding of lectures during the COVID-19 period. For data collection, an online questionnaire using Google Forms was prepared. For further understanding of the data, 21 questions were divided into three sections. The first section collects data regarding demographic details such as age, sex, and professional status. The second section had questions regarding the choice of e-learning tools and feasibility, whereas the third section had questions to understand the impact of e-learning on mental and physical health as well as effect on curriculum. Statistical Analysis Used: For statistical analysis, SPSS version 24 was used. Analysis of statistics by Chi-square test was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: All faculty members, interns, PGs, and UGs agreed that their screen time increased during COVID-19 as online classes were the primary source of learning. During this era, out of all, 67.89% of faculties, 62.96% of interns, 54.95% of UGs, and 60.67% of PGs encountered vision-related problems such as headache, burning sensation, and dryness of eyes. Faculty members experienced back and neck pain. Almost all participants agreed that they felt isolated using e-lectures. Further, when they were asked about their preferred mode for learning, live/offline mode was preferred over e-learning by 100% of faculty members, 93.63% of interns, 86.08% of UGs, and 88.89% of PGs. Furthermore, all participants showed their strong disagreement for using e-learning as their primary source of learning. Conclusions: During COVID-19, e-learning helped us to provide education across the country; however, its use as primary learning media should be judiciously carried out as it may affect the mental and physical health of the patient in long term.

Background and Objectives: Urothelial carcinomas are known for divergent differentiation, which often poses diagnostic challenges. The use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers helps in differentiating these entities and provides insight into tumor pathogenesis. This study is done with the objective of evaluating significant clinicopathological and histomorphological features of urothelial carcinoma and correlating with GATA-3 and P53 staining. Materials and Methods: A total of 59 cases of urothelial tumors were included in this prospective study. Tissue samples were processed, and H and E-stained slides were evaluated and reported as per the WHO/International Society of Urologic Pathology Classification of bladder tumor 2016. IHC for GATA-3 and p53 was performed using respective monoclonal primary antibodies for GATA-3 and p53. Statistical Analysis: The correlation between GATA-3 and other classical clinicopathological parameters was studied by Chi-square test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the present study, out of 59 cases, there was a male preponderance with an M: F ratio of 7.4:1 and an age range of 25–85 years. High-grade urothelial carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype. GATA-3 expression was seen in 93.2% of cases. There was a statistically significant correlation of GATA-3 expression with hematuria and dysuria. GATA-3 expression was compared with significant histopathological parameters and a significant correlation of the above parameters with GATA-3 expression was observed. High P53 expression was seen in the majority of high-grade tumors, with only a single case of low-grade UC showing strong P 53 reactivity. Conclusion: GATA-3 is a sensitive IHC marker to diagnose urothelial carcinoma. GATA-3 expression intensity and proportion show significant association with histopathological parameters and may play an important role in stratifying high-risk patients.

Objectives: While laboratory accreditation has improved laboratory practices in several countries, its effectiveness in laboratories in Saudi Arabia remains unclear. This survey aims to assess the impact of laboratory accreditation on laboratory practices across the country. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed laboratory practitioners (n = 207) across Saudi Arabia from September 21 to October 22 using an online questionnaire created over Monkey Survey. Practitioners were queried regarding their laboratory accreditation, practices, and the observed impact on patient laboratory testing. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and potential associations were assessed using the Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all cases. Results: Laboratories with a higher number of accreditations were more likely to have documented standard operating procedures (SOPs) (P = 0.039) and more frequent reviews of laboratory policies and procedures (P = 0.002). Practitioners in our study were more likely to have noticed an overall improvement in patient laboratory testing if their institutes adhered to the components of the accreditation process, such as documented SOPs for testing (P = 0.017), availability of safety manuals (P < 0.01), written policies of internal and external quality assurance programs (P = 0.007), regular meetings to maintain accreditations (P ≤ 0.001), and availability of a task force team to maintain the accreditation program (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: This survey suggests that accreditation has had an overall positive impact on laboratory practices and patient laboratory testing in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Demonstration, observation, assistance, and performance (DOAP) is a practical session that allows the student to observe a demonstration, assist the performer, perform in a simulated environment, perform under supervision, or perform independently. Competency-based medical education necessitates DOAP sessions that are timely and frequent, criterion based, skillful, and developing. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of DOAP sessions for training of competencies related to family study among 6^th-semester students. Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study conducted over 6 months from November 2021 to April 2022 on 6^th-semester undergraduate students coming to the community medicine department during their community posting. The control group consisted of 28 students taught family study by traditional method, and 27 students assigned to the experimental group were taught by DOAP sessions. Demonstration was provided through postgraduates and health-care workers as a role-play followed by recorded video-based sessions. Data were collected at baseline and after intervention. Later, the control group was provided the DOAP sessions. Feedback from all 55 students was collected in a Likert scale. Results: The mean score of the intervention group was significantly higher (P < 0.05). Knowledge score increased 4.07 (confidence interval [CI]: 3.29–4.85) points in the intervention group while 2.35 points in the control group (CI: 1.6–3.1). Objective structured clinical examination score increased 4.72 (CI: 4.0–5.3) points in the intervention group while 2.53 points in the control group (CI: 1.8–3.3). Response rate for feedback was 100% and positive feedback was given by more than 80%. Conclusion: DOAP sessions were found to be effective which may help in implementing DOAP sessions for MBBS students for competencies related to the family study.

Background: Palliative care is provided to improve the quality of life of cancer patients, which does not actually cure the disease but to provide comfort, supportive care, and symptom management long as life remains. It improves patient satisfaction and reduces depression. Hence, the study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the planned teaching program on knowledge regarding palliative care among caregivers of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: An evaluative study conducted using one group pretest–posttest research design on 60 samples selected by convenience sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire is used for data collection. Results: Pre- and post-test knowledge scores were compared with the help of paired t-test. Pretest mean was 10.733 with a standard deviation (SD) 3.424 and posttest mean was 15.917 with SD of 1.720. The calculated “t” value 15.842, which is extremely significant P < 0.0001. There was no statistically significant association found with the knowledge level of caregivers with sociodemographic variables. Conclusion: Palliative care communication was effective for improving the knowledge level and practices regarding palliative care among caregivers of cancer patients.

Objectives: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood often have origins in childhood and adolescent lifestyle behaviors. The COVID pandemic has had a profound impact on people worldwide due to lockdowns and restrictions. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the change in lifestyle and dietary preferences of schoolgoing adolescents in Oman during the COVID outbreak. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents attending a school in Oman using an online questionnaire. Results: Of the 59 students participating in the pilot survey, the majority (62.7%) felt that their weight was correct; however, 55.8% were still trying to change their weight. Females were 12 times more likely to attempt weight-maintaining/change measures as compared to males. About 55% of students did not consume breakfast regularly; females were more likely to skip breakfast as compared to males. The recommended dietary requirements for daily fruit (>2 times per day) and vegetable (>3 times per day) intake were followed by 59.3% and 27.2% of students, respectively. Only one-fourth of students (25.4%) fulfilled the recommendation of >60 min of physical activity daily; males were 1.5 times more likely to engage in physical activity than females. Two-thirds of students (67.8%) spent an average of 3–6 h/day in sedentary activities. Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as skipping breakfast, reduced intake of fruits and vegetables, and reduced physical activity were noted in adolescent schoolgoing children during COVID in Oman. This increases the risk of NCDs in the long term, thus necessitating intervention in childhood and adolescence. Policymakers should focus on health programs and campaigns toward increasing awareness of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors, especially during the pandemic to inculcate healthy habits from an early age.

Objective: Drug use research's main goal is to assist patients in using medications responsibly. The chronic inflammatory disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a condition comprising long-term disability. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the mainstay of therapy preventing joint damage. The study's aim was to examine the prescription trends for medications used to treat RA. Methodology: In conjunction with the orthopedic department, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. The current study included 90 patients in total who met the inclusion and exclusion requirements. Data from patients were collected in a case report format and examined to determine the prescription pattern in all 90 patients participated in the study. Female preponderance was seen in the study with 68.8% of female patients compared to 31.1% of male patients affected by the disease. Patients of the age group of 40–60 years (63.3%) were most commonly affected, followed by 61–70 years (26.6%). A combination of two DMARDs, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), was the most common in 90% of patients. Triple-DMARD combination was required only in 4.4% of patients. Etoricoxib was most the commonly prescribed analgesic in 28.8% of patients, followed by etodolac in 16.6%. Conclusions: RA affects females more often than males. DMARD combination of methotrexate and HCQ was the most commonly used compared to monotherapy and triple-drug therapy. Drug utilization studies give the prescriber feedback and raise their awareness of the proper usage of medications.

Background: Major depressive disorder is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders, affecting over one-fifth of the global population. Adolescents and young adults suffering from depression are also at high risk of developing bipolar disorder. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is a psychotherapeutic intervention based on Zen meditation (ZM) that aims to reduce the risk of relapse of recurrent depression. Yoga stretch physical and emotional health can be improved and maintained through exercise. Yoga poses stretching exercise (YPSE) positively impacts physical and mental health by down-regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of web-based generalized exercise training in young individuals in improving their general, physical, emotional, psychological, and social outcomes. Methods: Montgomery and Asberg depression rating scale is a tool used to evaluate participants who are depressed. The pre-Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires were then completed by the researcher. Before beginning the intervention, the participants were briefed on the importance of the study approach. Following intervention, post-MMSE, PHQ-9, and SF-36 questionnaires were again measured. Results: After following the mindfulness cognitive behavioral therapy (ZM and YPSE) program for 7 days, there are significant improvements in the MMSE, PHQ-9, and SF-36 tests. Conclusions: ZM and YPSE training enhance general, physical, emotional psychological, and social functioning greatly.

Background: I-gel^® is a prototype among the second-generation supraglottic airway devices (SADs). The Ambu^® AuraGain™ is a fairly new, single use, second-generation SAD with a preformed shape. Aim: To compare the oropharyngeal sealing pressure (OSP) of i-gel^® and AuraGain™ in young children weighing between 5 and 20 kg. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a single-blinded randomized control trial at a tertiary care center over the period of 18 months. Forty children, aged between 6 months and 6 years, weighing 5–20 kg, belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I, II, and III, undergoing elective surgical procedures, were randomized into two groups: the i-gel^® group and Ambu^® AuraGain™ group. The primary goal was measuring OSP at 1 min postinsertion and its change at 10 min. The secondary objectives were insertion time, success rate at first attempt, the degree of ease of gastric tube insertion, and perioperative adverse effects. Results: The mean OSP was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the i-gel group (i.e., 20.0 ± 3.24 at 1 min and 23.45 ± 3.66 at 10 min) as compared to Ambu^® AuraGain™ (16.70 ± 3.10 and 19.95 ± 3.1 at 1 and 10 min, respectively). The insertion time and success and complications rate for device placement were comparable. The resistance when inserting gastric tube was significantly higher in the i-gel^® group (70%) as compared to the Ambu^® AuraGain™ group (20%) in our study (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that i-gel^® is superior in achieving OSP, whereas gastric tube insertion is easy with the use of Ambu^® AuraGain™.

Background: Diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders in children is a very stressful time for the entire family. During this period family caregivers are anxious about their child's condition. At this time, nurses play an important role to educate the parents or caregivers about the child's health, procedure that has to be performed, and pre- and post-operative care after procedure. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of an “instructional module” on knowledge and anxiety of caregivers of children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Materials and Methods: Caregivers of children with congenital heart disease were randomly enrolled in two groups with 30 caregivers in each control and experimental group. Preoperative knowledge and anxiety in both the groups were assessed by a self-structured questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. An instructional module in the form of a booklet regarding cardiac catheterization was developed and administered to the experimental group while the control group received routine care instuctions. Caregivers' postintervention knowledge was assessed by a structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: Median knowledge score was 2 (2–2) in the control group and 2 (1–2) in the experimental group among caregivers of the children during preintervention phase. The median anxiety score of the caregivers of children underwent cardiac catheterization during preintervention phase was 57.50 (47–61) in the control group and 53 (47.75–56) in the experimental group. The results revealed that there was a significant improvement in knowledge score regarding cardiac catheterization procedure and also there was reduction in the level of anxiety among caregivers in the postintervention experimental group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study suggests that the “instructional module” is effective in reducing the anxiety and improving the knowledge levels of caregivers regarding the preoperative and postoperative care of children who underwent cardiac catheterization.

Introduction: Natural lordotic curves in the cervical spine, which gradually curve back into the apex of the chest and upper back at the base of the skull, are indicative of a healthy cervical spine. Hand grip strength can be determined by determining the amount of maximum force that the hand can squeeze against a dynamometer. Grip strength determines how tightly and securely one can grasp objects. Therefore, this study looked at the relationship between hand grip strength and cervical spine position in a healthy collegiate population. Objective: To study the correlation between cervical spine posture and hand grip strength in healthy collegiate population. Methodology: Total 100 male and female subjects. The subjects for the study were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After explaining the benefits, objectives, and purpose of the study in detail, they were asked to complete the screening form and consent form to conduct the study on the impact of cervical spine position on hand grip strength in a healthy collegiate population. Results: Maximum voluntary contraction stands for Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) T1, T2, and T3 are highly correlated. There is a weak correlation of MVC with the degree of angle of craniovertebral angle (CVA). Conclusion: This study concluded a positive and statistically significant link between body mass index and MVC and CVA, but not between MCV and CVA.

Introduction: Hydrocephalus is characterized by imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption. It is manifested as a dilatation of the ventricular system. Computed tomography (CT) is useful in determining the ventricular size and shape as well as the amount of the cerebral cortex present in the evaluation of suspected hydrocephalus. Aim and Objectives: Detection of hydrocephalus and determining the cause of hydrocephalus. Differentiating communicating from noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus. to assess the severity of the hydrocephalus and seek for any consequences. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients referred to the Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, for 1 year. Patients clinically diagnosed with hydrocephalus were included in the study. Multidetector CT (MDCT) imaging was performed on Siemens 16 Slice MDCT machine. Multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional reconstruction were done wherever necessary. Results: 20% were diagnosed to have meningitis, 10% had Intraparenchymal haemorrhage and Intraventricular extension, 12% had aqueduct stenosis, and 12% had communicating hydrocephalus. In the study, 40% of them had communicating-type hydrocephalus or extraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus and 60% had obstructive hydrocephalus. On the CT scan, it was observed that at the lateral ventricle, dilatation was observed in four regions. Frontal horn dilatation (98%), body dilatation (98%), and 100% dilatation were seen at the temporal horn and occipital horn. Among 100 patients, 14% had cortical thinning and thus were classified as severe hydrocephalus with a poor prognosis, and 20% had periventricular edema. Conclusion: CT is the best means of obtaining images as it is easily available, fast, reliable, and compatible with standard life support devices.

Introduction: A cesarean section is a surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision made on a mother's abdomen and uterus. In post cesarean section phase, early ambulation and oral intake are need to be encouraged after declined effects of anesthesia. The present study was conducted with aim to assess the effectiveness of early ambulation on postoperative pain among the women with a lower segment cesarean section. Materials and Methods: The study design was quasi-experimental design and 60 subjects were enrolled by convenient sampling technique. In experimental group, the pain level was assessed after performing breathing exercise, moving legs and hands, upright sitting position, stand and walk with and without support after 10 h of surgery for first 3 postoperative days. While in control group, the mothers were ambulated after 24 h of surgery as per the hospital protocol. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean postoperative pain scores after early ambulation among experimental on day 1^st, day 2^nd, and day 3^rd. There was a significant decline in pain scores in experimental group compared to control group (P < 0.001) with days progresses. Conclusion: The early ambulation was significantly effective in reduce postoperative pain scores among the mothers after cesarean section. The present approach may be adopted for the mothers to decline the need of analgesics during postoperative period.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is generally converted from precancerous conditions. The conversion rates are mainly linked to various addiction habits and sometimes to sociodemographic profile of patients. The clinical spectrum of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) varies between geographical districts or from place to place within the same country. The prevalence of this particular malignancy may be reduced by prompt diagnostic and therapeutic action. Aims and Objectives: We focused on the data associated with histo-pathological types of lesion in relation to certain sociodemographic profile and addiction habits in the targeted population. Materials and Methods: We performed 5 years retrospective cross-sectional study from January 2013 to December 2017 in the oral pathology department in systematic manner. Data were collected and compiled in Microsoft Excel and were analyzed through SPSS software. Chi-square, Student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation tests were used to determine the significance of study parameters between groups. Results: Our study suggests a more common relationship of lichen planus with gutkha, pan, and mixed habit; leukoplakia with bidi smoking and mixed habit; verrucous leukoplakia with bidi and cigarette smoking and gutkha chewing; oral submucous fibrosis with pan and gutkha; mild and moderate dysplasia with bidi and alcohol consumption; well-differentiated OSCC and moderately differentiated OSCC with tobacco intake and/or alcohol and poorly differentiated OSCC with alcohol, pan, and bidi. Conclusion: OPMDs and OSCC are more associated with various addiction habits. Cessation of these habits along with early intervention may reduce the burden of disease.

Purpose: Incomplete root formation caused due to trauma can lead to problems in future. Treating such open apices teeth pose a challenge. Apexification is one of the treatment options for such teeth with open apex. Thus, this in vitro study intended to assess and compare two commercially available root-end filling materials mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Angelus and Biodentine™ for their setting time and sealing ability. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study assessed the setting time and sealing ability of the two materials; MTA-Angelus and Biodentine™. For setting time evaluation, 30 rings were made and divided into two groups. The evaluation was done using Vicat apparatus. For sealing ability, sixty single rooted teeth were used and were divided into four groups (two experimental and two control). The assessment was done using the linear dye penetration method. Results: Mean setting time of Biodentine and MTA was 29.2 ± 3.84 min and 15.2 ± 2.11 min, respectively. The mean linear dye penetration in MTA group was found to be 0.808 ± 1.094 mm, 3.76 ± 1.05 mm in Biodentine group, 5.28 ± 1.73 mm and 0.05 mm in positive control group. Conclusion: MTA-Angelus demonstrated a faster setting time when compared to biodentine, while biodentine showed to have a superior sealing ability.

Background: Early clinical exposure (ECE) would augment the clinical education quality in dental students. Although ECE has been practicing to reinforce learning, it has certain limitations. Mainly restrictions on resources due to inappropriate student-teacher ratio owing to less no of trained faculty in the department. The student-centered teaching method such as peer-assisted learning (PAL) can be used as a supporting modus operandi in the deliverance of the curriculum at the undergraduate level to augment the learning by ECE. Materials and Methods: The study population includes a cohort of 100 Students of I Bachelor of Dental Sciences (BDS) and 25 Students of II BDS. From I BDS, 50 students (Group A = experimental group) were selected as cases and 50 as controls (Group B = control group) by the simple random sampling. Twenty-five students were selected from II BDS on the basis of performance scale (high achievers) as peers. (Group A) students were exposed to the ECE module which was assisted by peers as an enhancement to didactic teaching-learning. Control group (Group B) students were exposed to conventional ECE, which is facilitated by faculty members/teachers. After the intervention, both the groups were evaluated for knowledge, skills, and attitude as posttest. Results: The significantly enhanced posttest score was observed in Group A (7.46 ± 1.32) as compared to Group B (3.98 ± 1.59). The mean objective structured practical examination score in Group A was improved as compared to Group B and the difference between them was also found statistically significant (P = 0.00). Conclusion: Peer-assisted ECE could be a better teaching-learning methodology than traditional teaching for dental students in the Indian Scenario.

Fractures of the tibial shaft are the most common fractures to occur in the human body. Number of motor vehicle high-velocity injuries has increased in recent years. Various modalities used for treatment range from immobilization with the cast to open reduction and plating, closed reduction and nailing, and external fixator application. In our study, we have preferred fixation with multiple Ender's nails in a series of three cases with different modes of injury. We found that closed reduction along with internal fixation with Ender's nailing is a better modality in terms of easy technique, cost-effectiveness, small incision size, no soft-tissue damage or stripping, and complication. Ender's nailing is an excellent alternative.

Introduction: Gingival phenotype is a crucial determinant of the periodontium. It not only maintains the health of the tissue but also plays a decisive role in the prediction of periodontal treatment outcomes. Thin gingival phenotype poses certain risks of poor periodontal treatment outcome in cases of implant, coronally advanced flap, and other root coverage procedures. Thus it becomes the duty of the clinician to deal with such cases by prior planning treatments which can improve the gingival phenotype and thereby enhancing the postperiodontal treatment outcomes to benefit patients. In this case series, a nonsurgical treatment modality microneedling (MN) and injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) are employed in an attempt to increase the thickness of thin gingival phenotype. Methods: Five systemically healthy patients with thin gingival phenotypes were included in this study. The lower anterior teeth with split-mouth study pattern have been randomly allocated to nonsurgical treatment modality, i.e., MN alone and MN along with i-PRF. All the patients were followed up for 9 months. Outcomes Assessed: Gingival thickness (GT), Width of Keratinized Tissue (WKT), oral hygiene index, gingival index (GI), the patient reported outcome measures. Results: Both the groups showed an increase in the thickness of gingiva in 9-month follow-up. The mean increase of 0.62 mm in thickness was seen in Group 1 (42%), whereas Group 2 showed a 0.34 mm (27.3%) of increment. No difference is seen with respect to the change in the width of keratinized gingiva in both groups. Conclusion: MN along with i-PRF can provide an efficient nonsurgical option to clinicians to increase GT in cases of thin gingival phenotype.

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), also known as Hallervorden–Spatz disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder presenting with dystonia, cognitive impairment, rigidity, and mental deterioration. It has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, which usually presents in late childhood or early adolescence. Rigidity poses a challenge to an anesthesiologist in airway management. In this case report, we present the case of a 23-year-old male patient, a diagnosed case of Hallervorden–Spatz disease scheduled for incision and drainage of rectus sheath hematoma which occurred due to blunt trauma to the abdomen. Patients with PKAN who require general anesthesia may present with symptoms that influence perioperative anesthetic management as well as postoperative care.

Hearing loss can be conductive or sensorineural in nature. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) affects the spiraling organ cochlea of the inner ear, which transforms the sound vibration into a neural signal or transmits it to the auditory part of the brain. Mild-to-severe SNHL, although can be rehabilitated successfully using hearing aids in extreme SNHL, hearing aids merely make the sound louder, distorted, and amplified where the clarity may be not enough for proper understanding to develop speech. Hence, in such cases, the best option for hearing and learning proper speech is a Cochlear implant (CI). Patients with irreversible hearing loss and deaf-mutism, a cochlear implant is an acceptable therapeutic option undertaken under general anesthesia and the hallmark of a successful anesthetic procedure is to provide a bloodless field during surgery.

The most common acute hyperglycemic emergency encountered in type-1 people with diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The patient presents with a myriad of symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, and dehydration, along with symptoms of hyperglycemia, such as polyphagia, polyuria, or polydipsia. The condition may progress rapidly and most likely mask coexisting diseases such as acute pancreatitis (AP), in which the patient primarily presents with emesis and abdominal pain. Clinically, apparent pancreatitis is uncommon in children with DKA and might thus be missed, worsening the outcome and even becoming life-threatening. Therefore, we present a rare case of a 13-year-old diabetic who was timely diagnosed with DKA complicated with AP without hypertriglyceridemia and thus treated for the same, leading to a better prognosis.

The mandibular premolars, typically, present with a single root and single root canal. However, several studies have shown greater diversities in the root canal system of mandibular premolars. Vertucci found two canals at the apex in 25.5% and three canals at the apex in 0.5% of the cases of 400 investigated premolars. The introduction of magnification in dentistry and the use of cone-beam computed tomography have greatly improved the success of root canal treatment. The present case report presents a case of successful root canal treatment of a mandibular second premolar with a single root canal that trifurcates and exits as three canals at the apex.

Moderate-to-severe form of periodontitis is often accompanied by pathological tooth migration. This is characterized by spacing and proclination of teeth. Patients often feel awkward regarding their facial esthetics and seek treatment for the same. Pathological tooth migration is a complex puzzle with various etiological factors to its credit. Treatment often involves time-consuming interdisciplinary approach. Very few case reports have achieved complete resolution of pathological tooth migration by periodontal therapy alone. In this unique case report, periodontal therapy alone could ameliorate pathological tooth migration. Further to it, results are stable for 2 years and continue to be so. Hence, meticulous periodontal therapy is effective in the management of pathologic tooth migration.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is prepared by using autologous blood plasma enriched with platelet. PRP has been proven to be a successful analog to correct blood loss during cardiac surgery and cardiothoracic bypass. Some authors have demonstrated bone regeneration following tooth extraction with healthy compact bone by using PRP. Typical protocols include either 1 or 2 centrifugation steps to separate whole blood into 3 layers: a top plasma layer, middle leukocyte layer, and bottom red blood cell layer, to collect a concentrate of platelets in plasma. The rationale for use and therapeutic potential of a high concentration of platelets is based on their capacity to supply and release supraphysiologic amounts of essential growth factors and cytokines from their alpha-granules to provide a regenerative stimulus that augments healing and promotes repair in tissues with low healing potential.

The ability to handle life's challenges measures the strength of character. If we intend to rise through challenges, one has to be prepared for the change. A strong sense of duty among health-care workers (HCWs) was observed during COVID-19 pandemic when there was a high threat to their lives. We aimed to review the literature from PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar that describes the current situation and various challenges faced by the health-care providers and provides necessary recommendations that ensure health and well-being. It is believed that the findings of this study will be found useful by the government and higher agencies to formulate and implement new and better policies favoring and promoting the health-care workers. The obstacles that health-care practitioners are presently facing are far larger than those that they experience in their routine duties. Health-care personnel has a distinct and restricted responsibility to treat the COVID-19 epidemic, which can be traced back to a wide social compact and is firmly linked to specific reciprocal obligations that society owes to health-care providers. This article is organized into parts depending on the numerous sorts of obstacles that health-care employees experience, such as mental, physical, professional, spiritual, and vocational challenges. The existing and future levels of stress among HCWs are very concerning. As a result, immediate upskilling is essential, as many health-care providers believe they lack the knowledge and abilities needed to manage health concerns. However, it is critical to ensure that enough suitable resources are in place to assist HCWs throughout the pandemic's acute phase, as well as in the aftermath when demand will increase. A key rationale for investigating challenges faced by health-care workers is to strengthen our health system in every best possible way, also to strengthen the role of health-care workers by collection of their personal information COVID-19 related knowledge, personal health, nutrition, dietary supplementation, and job characteristics including psychological problem, work motivation, work pressure, physical abuse at work, conflicts, occupational hazards, length of working hours, communication challenges, language barriers, calm and composed behavior, and maintaining spiritual belief. The rationale will be based on the questionnaire including all types of challenges with multiple-choice questions discussing the problems faced during COVID-19.

Flowable composite materials still need to be explored. Most literature generally addresses conventional composites, with little emphasis on flowables. This review article provides a concise overview of many essential characteristics of this helpful material. Newer generations of flowable composites incorporating improved mechanical properties such as higher compressive strength due to increased filler loading have come into practice in restorative dentistry recently. These provide benefits of improved handling properties and ease of placement into prepared cavities. This makes them unique and a novel material of choice in replacing traditional composite resins as a restorative material in endodontics.

Background: The relationship between periodontitis or periodontal disease (PD) with uric acid (UA) is controversial. Furthermore, a rise in UA levels in common systemic disorders documented to be liked to PD must be understood. Objectives: The objective is to determine the association of UA levels with periodontal health and disease states by a systematic review of evidence from observational studies. Furthermore, we aimed to group secondary research papers which showed systemic diseases linked to periodontitis (SDLP) for the changes in UA levels in serum and discuss the consequences. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. The literature search was followed by qualitative assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale when evaluating PD with UA associations. A similar strategic search system was used for identifying secondary studies (systematic reviews with meta-analyses or [SRMA]) for identifying UA levels in common SDLP. Results: Out of 212 selected studies, 40 underwent full-text analysis; 6 were eligible for systematic review. The current review summarizes that overall PD cases have significantly more UA levels than healthy individuals or controls from data from three observational studies. In the case of SDLP, around 8 SRMA (conducted on = 164 observational studies) revealed a significant association (P < 0.05 in all instances) with serum hyperuricemia; cancer incidence and progression were more in women with raised UA than in men. Conclusion: The review showed that UA levels were significantly altered in PD compared to healthy individuals. However, the available evidence is inadequate to establish whether UA is diminished or elevated in periodontal disease. The SDLP all showed a significant association with raised serum UA levels with cancers affecting more women than men with high UA levels.

In developed countries, the population is aging. The aging process brings forth a slew of physical and mental changes. There has been a progressive deterioration in the degree of cognitive processes closely tied to the aging process, which is most commonly associated with age-related disorders such as dementia, throughout time. Physical activity and exercise have been identified as a method for promoting older health, as well as encouraging the maintenance of functional ability and acting in the prevention and control of a variety of diseases. The benefits of physical activity in the preservation or even improvement of cognitive performance in both the old without cognitive impairment and the elderly with some degree of cognitive impairment or dementia have piqued researchers' interest in recent years. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of various types of physical activity and exercise on cognitive function in elderly people with and without prior cognitive impairment, to identify potential mechanisms underlying these effects, and to make exercise prescription recommendations to improve cognitive performance.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) impacts over 1.2 million individuals every year worldwide and is the most frequently diagnosed illness in women. Medical treatment options have increased chances of survival, but these procedures frequently have side effects that can negatively impact health status and quality of life (QoL) over the long term QoL. Given that resistance exercise has a special anabolic effect; it may be useful for addressing the effects of BC and its therapy. Materials and Methods: This is an integrative literature review study that includes data search from PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the physiotherapy evidence database databases for articles and also crossing English descriptors indexed in the medical subject headings and health sciences descriptors, respectively. The present review is based on the Whittemore and Knafl methodology. Results: A total of 842 patients from 13 studies were included. There was no aggravation subjectively reported or objectively evaluated lymphedema symptoms. Adverse effects were uncommon, mostly of a musculoskeletal in nature, and were successfully handled using conservative methods. The studies we looked at indicate that women who had BC surgically treated can benefit from resistance exercise in terms of their clinical and health outcomes. Results demonstrate that in cancer survivors, pain, physical and emotional functioning, fatigue, depression, and aerobic capacity have improved. Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct rigorously constructed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that recommend targeted resistance exercise regimens at various stages of BC treatment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this intervention for the posttreatment care of BC patients and survivors as a method of enhancing health status and QoL, RCTs with complete, standardized reporting of interventions, and adverse events are necessary.

Among the most typical reason of sudden, acquired weakness is Guillain-Barré Syndrome characterized by symmetrical ascending paralysis which is frequently sparked by an earlier illness. “Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy,” one of the prevailing kinds of Guillian-Barre Syndrome, is divided into four subtypes: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Miller Fisher syndrome, acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy, and acute motor axonal neuropathy. Guillain-Barré syndrome can happen at any age, but it is frequently seen in persons over 40 years. More often, males are impacted. This syndrome lasts for 4 weeks, but if it is prolonged than that, it can be categorized as subacute, and if it lasts longer than 8 weeks, it can be classified as chronic. An antecedent infection is present in 70% of patients. The most frequent trigger for Guillain-Barré Syndrome is Campylobacter jejuni, along with the Cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, mycoplasma, hepatitis A and B, and human immunodeficiency virus. The antecedent infection generally occurs 1 to 3 weeks before. The pathogenesis of the disease solely based on the molecular mimicry. In some circumstances, collapse of respiratory system and autonomic dysfunction might make Guillain-Barré Syndrome more difficult to treat.

Orphan diseases also known as rare diseases (RDs) are typically hereditary in nature. According to World Health Organization, RDs have a prevalence of 1 in 1000 individuals. Few RDs such as Turner syndrome, Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO), Williams syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, Gorlin–Goltz, Schimke immuno, and cherubism exhibit oral signs. The disease's great complexity and relatively low occurrence necessitates a diagnostotherapeutic strategy based on the Integration of Several Specializations. Rare illnesses require a worldwide agreement about the planning of future interventions. Dentists are often the first medical professionals to recognize RDs because oral symptoms often appear several years before the corresponding systemic symptoms. The objective of this article is to showcase information about RDs and several activities undertaken over the past decade to address this worldwide issue.

The branch of medicine is witnessing continuous makeover due to new knowledge or innovations in the field. The novel coronavirus pandemic also changed many of our mindsets. The traditional cadaveric dissection is also not an exception to this. The increasing shortage of cadavers for dissection, lack of public awareness of body donation program, etc., is important factors that generated the need of virtual dissection modalities. Many technologically advanced modalities are available worldwide. India is one of the largest Medical Education Hubs with hundreds of medical institutes across the country. Many multi-national companies and newly launched start-ups from India are focusing their attention toward virtual dissection modalities. These have revolutionaries the concept of teaching and learning through traditional cadaveric dissection. In this article, we presented some of the virtual dissection modalities and their pros/cons over the traditional teaching.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized as pregnancy-related hypertensive disease with unclear pathophysiology but causes tremendous fetomaternal death. Some predisposing factors considered to be responsible are statistical characteristics, hereditary and factors in the environment should purpose local abnormalities in activation of cytogenic elements along with integrins, matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and foremost histocompatibility complex molecules mainly responsible for reduced blood supply to placenta and fetus, trophoblastic cellular apoptosis and abnormal placentation. Aim: In the current scoping review (ScR), the detection of PE using neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as an inflammatory marker which is easily available at primary health system. Methodology: The subject's relevant researches were found using an ScR format from database searches in PubMed and Google Scholar. Out of 179 articles 10 fulfilled inclusion criteria which were systematically reviewed and underwent meta-analysis to highlight the knowledge gaps and further additional case–control study done in tertiary care center. Conclusion: Maternal NLR and PLR resulting from whole blood cell count is an easily available and routinely performed test, obtained as cost-benefit biomarkers for the early prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Background: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is one of the recent tissue engineering techniques which have been utilized for alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. It makes use of tensional strains created within the fractured segments to initiate a cascade of responses ultimately resulting in the formation of new mature bone. Supplementation of platelet-derived products such as platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin in DO could stimulate this cascade and accelerate the formation of new bone with improved quality. Materials and Methods: Literature search was performed on eminent databases for studies using platelet-derived products with DO in alveolar ridge augmentation. Data relating to bibliographic information, and study outcomes were extracted. A risk of bias assessment was performed for each study. Measures of outcome included increase in bone height, and any reported postoperative complications. Results: Planned alveolar height was reached in all the studies with an adequate amount of bone formation for the placement of dental implants. Studies reported long-term implant survival. Postoperative complications included displacement of fractured segments, temporary paresthesia, and scar formation. Conclusion: DO supplemented with platelet-derived products provides an ideal micro-environment for the recruitment of various signaling molecules and stem cell precursors inducing the formation of new bone. It circumvents the unpredictable outcomes and complications such as donor site morbidity, which is associated with conventional placement of bone grafts. However, the available literature is scarce in this area and further randomized studies are required to form a conclusive body of evidence to support the translatability of this innovative technique into clinical practice.

Objective: The objective is to qualitatively and quantitatively review the published literature on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed), SCOPUS, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and gray literature were comprehensively searched. Human clinical studies published between 2000 and 2021 were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the studies. Results: Of the 873 articles screened, six studies were included, evaluating 640 patients (554 OSCC cases and 113 controls). SOD levels in OSCC subjects were significantly lesser (P < 0.01) compared to healthy controls in spectrophotometry analysis, whereas its immuno-expression was significantly higher in the OSCC tissue samples in immunohistochemistry. In the meta-analyses related to SOD analysis by spectrophotometry, the overall effect size of tissue SOD in OSCC and control group were 8.51 and 11.62 U/mg protein, respectively. In the meta-analyses related to SOD analysis by immunohistochemistry, the overall effect size of tissue SOD in OSCC was 55.55% and 3.61% for cell staining, respectively. Conclusion: Decreased SOD levels in OSCC tissue samples in spectrophotometry and high immunoexpression in immunohistochemistry accurately reflect increased oxidative stress (OS) levels. Further studies are required to understand the increase in SOD levels in OSCC tissue. Correlation analysis between SOD levels and established clinicopathological prognostic markers could aid in formulation of OS-based prognostication and treatment planning.